> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://methodology.china-index.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Changes from 2021

> Every paragraph of the 2022 methodology that differs from the 2021 edition, with the changed words marked.

This page compares the published 2022 methodology with the 2021 edition, paragraph by paragraph. <ins className="rev-ins">Added text</ins> and <del className="rev-del">removed text</del> are marked. Unchanged paragraphs are not shown. The full text of both editions is available from the version switcher.

| Section | Changed | Added | Removed | Unchanged |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| Overview | 3 | 17 | 4 | 6 |
| Methodology in brief | 4 | 5 | 8 | 1 |
| Indicator development | 13 | 6 | 7 | 0 |
| Data collection | 16 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| Index Committee | 3 | 26 | 8 | 2 |
| The indicators | 26 | 0 | 0 | 100 |
| Glossary | 10 | 2 | 0 | 39 |

## Overview

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> To address the <del className="rev-del">various</del> challenges posed by <del className="rev-del">PRC's growing</del> <ins className="rev-ins">the People’s Republic of China (PRC)'s evolving overseas</ins> influence, Doublethink Lab is <del className="rev-del">taking the role of establishing a global network,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">facilitating</ins> China In The World (CITW), <ins className="rev-ins">a global network</ins> that <del className="rev-del">facilitates</del> <ins className="rev-ins">supports</ins> knowledge sharing, <del className="rev-del">capacity building,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">capacity-building,</ins> and collaboration toward international advocacy among civil society.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The China Index is <del className="rev-del">the</del> <ins className="rev-ins">CITW’s</ins> first cross-regional <del className="rev-del">project to be conducted in the CITW network.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">project.</ins> Through the Index, we seek to establish an interactive <del className="rev-del">and geographic</del> world map that visualizes <del className="rev-del">China’s expanding</del> <ins className="rev-ins">the PRC’s evolving</ins> influence in different countries. The Index <del className="rev-del">will focus on PRC’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">captures PRC</ins> influence <del className="rev-del">in</del> <ins className="rev-ins">across</ins> nine <del className="rev-del">domains: media, foreign policy, academia, domestic politics, economy, technology, society, military,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domains: Academia, Domestic Politics, Economy, Foreign Policy, Law Enforcement, Media, Military, Society,</ins> and <del className="rev-del">law enforcement.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Technology.</ins> Each of these <del className="rev-del">domains will contain</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domains contains</ins> 11 <del className="rev-del">key indicators for measurement</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators corresponding to an observable phenomenon of PRC influence,</ins> and <del className="rev-del">will present</del> <ins className="rev-ins">presents</ins> comparable data collected by <del className="rev-del">regional partner organizations (as respondents or reviewers)</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partners</ins> through collaboration with local experts.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Roy Chun Lee <del className="rev-del">(李淳)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Doublethink devised the Indicators in collaboration with our Index Committee, consisting of international experts in PRC influence operations and foreign policy. Taken together, the Indicators are the first research effort to compile PRC influence into a single set of observable phenomena. The Index Committee periodically convenes to update the Indicators as PRC influence techniques evolve. Doublethink then distributes the renewed Indicators to Regional Partners so they can update the China Index.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">We expect the China Index to serve as a reference tool that enhances global understanding and awareness of PRC influence, particularly for academics, media, civil society networks, and policymakers.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Puma Shen</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">National Taipei University</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Min-hsuan Wu</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Doublethink Lab</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Bonnie Glaser</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">German Marshall Fund of the United States</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">MacDonald Laurier Institute</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Hoover Institution at Stanford University</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Human Rights Watch</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Global Taiwan Institute</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">American Enterprise Institute</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">The National Bureau of Asian Research</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Taiwan WTO and RTA Center</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">We expect the final outcome will provide a broad and far-reaching view that enhances global understanding and awareness, particularly for policymakers, academics, and advocacy networks.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The pilot version of the China Index aims to collect ratings for 41 countries in 8 regions during the period of March to June 2021. The final launch date will be decided based on the quality of results, in consultation with regional partners and the CITW network.</del>
</div>

### About China In The World (CITW)

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">In 2019, Doublethink Lab and its partners established the China In The World (CITW) network to bring together stakeholders researching the People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s global influence and disinformation strategies. CITW oversees publication of the China Index, the first cross-regional initiative to objectively measure and compare the PRC’s influence in various countries. CITW Summits are participatory grassroots events designed to strengthen members’ ability to conduct investigations and research that strengthen democratic resilience and counter malign authoritarian influences.</ins>
</div>

### About Doublethink Lab

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Doublethink Lab (Doublethink) is a civil society organization (CSO) devoted to studying the malign influence of digital authoritarianism. Doublethink’s strengths lie in the ability to combine a diverse set of research approaches in the social, behavioral, and computational sciences to study state-funded propaganda campaigns, psychological warfare, and related information operations. Doublethink seeks to foster global networks connecting academics, democracy movements, digital communities, like-minded CSOs, and experts on the People’s Republic of China, in order to strengthen global democratic resilience.</ins>
</div>

### Funders and the host

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The China Index project is funded by Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, UK and led by Doublethink Lab.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Doublethink Lab (DTL) is an organization that operates at the intersection of the internet, public discourse, civil society, and democratic governance, researching modern threats to democracy and devising strategies to counter them. DTL also focuses on mapping online information operation mechanisms as well as surveillance technology exportation and digital authoritarianism.</del>
</div>

## Methodology in brief

### Key Definitions

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> PRC: People’s Republic of China. We use this term and not China nor the Chinese Communist <del className="rev-del">Party.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Party to represent the entire Chinese state.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> PRC <del className="rev-del">Influence:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">influence:</ins> The power to affect the decisions of other countries so that they align with the <ins className="rev-ins">cultural, diplomatic, economic, military, political, or social</ins> interests of the PRC.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The data underlying the China Index <del className="rev-del">will be</del> <ins className="rev-ins">is</ins> collected via <del className="rev-del">a questionnaire</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> distributed to regional partners. Eligible partners <del className="rev-del">will</del> include <del className="rev-del">qualified,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">qualified and</ins> nonpartisan research institutes, think tanks, community representatives, as well as civil society <del className="rev-del">organizations.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">organizations and independent journalists.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">We will</del> <ins className="rev-ins">To minimize potential bias, we</ins> ask regional partners to consult and verify the data with <ins className="rev-ins">as many</ins> local experts <del className="rev-del">as much</del> as possible. Each response should be backed by evidence from at least one supporting reference; this supporting evidence <del className="rev-del">will be</del> <ins className="rev-ins">is</ins> published <del className="rev-del">with</del> <ins className="rev-ins">as part of</ins> the <del className="rev-del">final results.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">China Index.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC-connected individuals or entities: Actors undertaking activities under an arrangement with; in the service of; on the order or at the request of; or under the direction of the PRC government or party-state apparatus. For the purposes of the China Index, PRC corporations, enterprises, and state-owned enterprises all fall into this category.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator: A question testing for the existence of an observable phenomenon of PRC influence.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Considering the challenge of collecting data on a global scale, the Index solely focuses on fact-based Indicators, and are framed to avoid eliciting opinions, preferences, or judgements from respondents.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">PRC-connected individuals or entities: individuals or organizations (such as businesses) that have a connection to the PRC’s official party-state apparatus.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Indicator: A question asking about a phenomenon expressing PRC influence.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Considering the challenge of conducting a large survey on a global scale, and especially given the controversial nature of the topic, the questionnaire will only focus on factual indicators, eschewing any questions which may elicit the opinions, preferences, or judgments of respondents.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">We will endeavor to ensure that the questions in each domain are independent and are equally important for measuring the PRC’s influence. However, in the case that some questions outweigh others in several regions, we will apply a weighting scheme (TBD) to the domains, in order to balance their contributions to the final score. For example, if a regional partner can demonstrate that PRC influence in the military domain has a disproportionate impact on the regional level, the indicators in the military domain may be granted a higher weight for all the countries’ from that region.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The indicators will cover the period from January of the previous year, up to the date the responses to the indicators are collected. For example, for the first iteration of China Index, the responses are collected from March 2021. Therefore, the period covered by each indicator is January 2020 to March 2021.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The final score will be determined by adding scores from all the indicators and presented as a percentage (0-100%). Two different rankings will be shown in the narrative report and on the CITW website:</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Normalized: Determined by adding up scores for all 99 questions in the questionnaire and dividing by the maximum possible score.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Regionally weighted (Trial): Determined by applying a weighting scheme to each domain in each region, based on the proposals of regional partners, according to their analysis of local context. (See this document for details)</del>
</div>

### Timeframe

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">The Indicators are compiled based upon observations made from January of the previous year, up to the deadline for response submission. For example, responses for the China Index Beta edition of 36 countries were collected by March 2021; therefore, they intend to capture PRC influence from January 2020 to March 2021. Regional partners aim to provide documentary evidence current within 18 months of the deadline, though older documents are accepted if they evidence a continuous phenomenon.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">China Index rankings are determined by summing scores for all 99 Indicators and dividing by the maximum possible score for each country, which varies as some regional partners may choose to skip Indicators in some countries.</ins>
</div>

## Indicator development

### Indicator selection process

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Doublethink coordinated with the Index Committee to develop and select the most relevant Indicators for each Domain. The first edition of Indicators were designed in January and February 2021.</ins>
</div>

### Design guidelines

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The <del className="rev-del">questionnaire will be</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators were</ins> designed with the following <del className="rev-del">factors:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">factors in mind:</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Domain <del className="rev-del">indicators:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators:</ins> Within each <del className="rev-del">domain,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain,</ins> each of the <del className="rev-del">eleven questions will target</del> <ins className="rev-ins">11 Indicators targets</ins> a single observable feature of PRC influence that is both relevant and important to the scope of the <del className="rev-del">domain.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain.</ins> Each <del className="rev-del">question will correspond</del> <ins className="rev-ins">feature corresponds</ins> to one <del className="rev-del">indicator.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Question/indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> independence: Each <del className="rev-del">question will be</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator is conceptually</ins> independent of the others in the same <del className="rev-del">domain.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain.</ins> There will be no overlap between <del className="rev-del">questions</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> to avoid double counting.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Option scales: Depending on the nature of the <del className="rev-del">question, the options could</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator, responses are</ins> either <del className="rev-del">be designed for</del> binary (yes or no) or graded from 0 to 4. Higher scale values <del className="rev-del">will always</del> indicate a higher degree of PRC influence.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Neutrality: No <del className="rev-del">question will invite</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator invites</ins> value judgment on the presence or absence of PRC influence. Each <del className="rev-del">question will focus</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator focuses</ins> on a single <del className="rev-del">issue without subjective feeling or preference.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">issue.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Balance: <del className="rev-del">Questions</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> within a single <del className="rev-del">domain will be</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain are</ins> designed to cover equal scope within that <del className="rev-del">domain,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain,</ins> such that each <del className="rev-del">question/indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> merits equal weight within its <del className="rev-del">domain.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Index scope: Each of the 9 Domains contains 11 Indicators. A total of 99 Indicators were sent to regional partners to conduct the research. Indicator responses are designed to be completed within 30 minutes.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Response recency: Each Indicator focuses on one issue that reflects the current status of PRC influence in the target country, focusing on events or incidents that occurred within the Index timeframe. However, if such an event is a continuous one, evidence prior to the timeframe is acceptable. For example, the Indicator “Are there Confucius Institutes in your country?” does not intend to show whether the Confucius Institutes were established within the timeframe; rather, it intends to show whether the Confucius Institute exists. Therefore, evidence that Confucius Institutes were established within a reasonable timeframe before our research is accepted.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Survey length: Each domain will contain 11 questions. A total of 99 questions will be sent to regional partners to conduct the research. Each question shall be designed to be answerable in 30 minutes of research.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Response recency: Each question will focus on a single, precise issue that reflects the current status of PRC influence in the target country, focusing on events or incidents of the past 12 to 18 months (the calendar year of 2020 to the answering date).</del>
</div>

### Indicator development process

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Candidate <del className="rev-del">indicators</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> relevant to measuring PRC influence in each <del className="rev-del">domain</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain</ins> are suggested by the <del className="rev-del">questionnaire committee</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Index Committee</ins> in collaboration with <del className="rev-del">Doublethink Lab. The candidate indicators</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Doublethink. Candidate Indicators</ins> are then modified <del className="rev-del">to suit the criteria defining good indicators and</del> to fit the grading system. <del className="rev-del">Finally, a</del> <ins className="rev-ins">The final</ins> set of <del className="rev-del">eleven indicators is chosen that</del> <ins className="rev-ins">11 Indicators</ins> capture the most important aspects of PRC influence.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Indicators are <del className="rev-del">one</del> of two types: binary (YES/NO) or graded. Binary <del className="rev-del">indicators</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> ask for the presence or absence of a particular phenomenon. Graded <del className="rev-del">questions</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> consider the scale and significance of the phenomenon (see next section).
</div>

### Grading system

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The goal of the grading system is to capture more nuanced data for further comparison between countries. The grading system addresses the problem that the scale and significance of an <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> can vary across countries, and therefore so does the level of PRC influence. For example, one <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> asks whether Chinese Students and Scholars’ Associations (CSSAs) are present in the country. In terms of scale, there may be a <ins className="rev-ins">CSSA at a</ins> single <del className="rev-del">CSSA</del> <ins className="rev-ins">university</ins> or <del className="rev-del">every university could have one. In terms of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">multiple universities. Assessing for</ins> significance, the universities at which CSSAs are present could be <del className="rev-del">among the most</del> nationally <del className="rev-del">important,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">prominent</ins> or <del className="rev-del">those with a negligible impact on social and political life.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">relatively less prestigious.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">We, therefore,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">We therefore</ins> provide a grading matrix that accounts for these two factors, mapping them to a score in <del className="rev-del">the</del> <ins className="rev-ins">a</ins> range of integers from one to four:
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">The grading part of each indicator therefore becomes:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">As the table above indicates, scores for graded Indicators correspond as follows:</ins> 0 = <del className="rev-del">no;</del> <ins className="rev-ins">no phenomenon;</ins> 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Continuing with the example of university CSSAs, should there be a country with CSSAs at multiple universities, respondents are asked to consider the Indicator at the maximum significance level – in other words, responses should reflect the most significant university at which there is a CSSA. Regional partners and local experts provide similarly concrete interpretations for other graded Indicators.</ins>
</div>

### Layer system

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The <del className="rev-del">indicators</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> fall into three <del className="rev-del">categories to measure</del> <ins className="rev-ins">layers that classify</ins> PRC influence: exposure, pressure, and effect.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Most</del> <ins className="rev-ins">The majority</ins> of the <del className="rev-del">indicators ask about</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators measure</ins> the exposure of a country to a mechanism of PRC influence <del className="rev-del">-</del> <ins className="rev-ins">–</ins> e.g. economic dependence, collaboration, or receiving some form of benefit. Some <del className="rev-del">indicators</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> ask about pressure overtly applied <del className="rev-del">via such a mechanism -</del> <ins className="rev-ins">through these mechanisms of PRC influence –</ins> e.g. threatening economic punishment to provoke or prevent a political decision. Other <del className="rev-del">indicators</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> ask about the observable <del className="rev-del">effects following from</del> <ins className="rev-ins">effect brought about through</ins> mechanisms of influence, or <ins className="rev-ins">changes in</ins> decision-making <del className="rev-del">changes toward</del> <ins className="rev-ins">in</ins> favor <del className="rev-del">or align with PRC’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">of PRC</ins> interests <del className="rev-del">-</del> <ins className="rev-ins">–</ins> e.g. <del className="rev-del">allowing Huawei</del> <ins className="rev-ins">loosening of business regulations</ins> to <del className="rev-del">build 5G networks.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">facilitate inbound PRC investment.</ins> These three <del className="rev-del">classes of indicators can be seen to</del> <ins className="rev-ins">layers</ins> form a causal chain, from exposure via pressure to <del className="rev-del">effects, which appears sufficient to capture</del> <ins className="rev-ins">effect, that captures the</ins> PRC <del className="rev-del">influence.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">influence process.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Some have argued that exposure-linked Indicators are an inadequate measure of PRC influence, and that Indicators should only encompass the effect of PRC influence. Many Index consumers nonetheless consider exposure to be an important measure of PRC influence with relevance to the work of policymakers, academics, and advocates. We argue that if the final set of Indicators tests for layers of influence from exposure to pressure and effect, then countries that are experiencing significant effects from PRC influence will regardless be ranked highly in overall and Domain-level scores. Meanwhile, the Index will capture all phenomena of interest.</ins>
</div>

### Exclusion of measure of resistance to influence

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">One consideration faced in the methodology was whether to measure resistance to PRC influence. We excluded Indicators referring to opposition to influence for the sake of simplicity and conceptual clarity. In many instances, questions about resistance are conceptual opposites to influence effects – e.g. instead of asking whether a country has introduced legislation to ban Huawei from 5G networks, we can ask whether Huawei 5G technology has been included.</ins>
</div>

### Model of Influence

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">It has been argued that the presence of exposure to mechanisms of PRC influence is insufficient to measure PRC influence, and therefore that such a measure should be restricted to consider effects. It has also been argued that the exposures are relevant, and of broader interest to potential consumers of the data we collect. We argue that if the final questionnaire contains both, then countries that experience effects will be correctly ranked as more influenced than those that do not, while capturing all the phenomena of interest.</del>
</div>

### Conflicts or resistance

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">One complication we considered was that, after the application of overt pressure, it is possible that a country would respond not with submission leading to cooperation, but rather with resistance leading to conflict. We suggest dropping consideration of indicators that ask about the conflict to promote simplicity and conceptual clarity. Although such conflict can be seen to be closely related to PRC influence and fits into our model, it does not itself measure influence, but rather resistance to influence. Furthermore, in many instances, questions about resistance can be reworded to ask instead about submission - e.g., instead of asking whether a country has introduced legislation to ban Huawei from 5G networks, we can ask whether they have been included.</del>
</div>

### How are the indicators generated?

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Doublethink Lab facilitates and coordinates with the Questionnaire Committee to develop and select the most relevant questions for each domain throughout January and February 2021. The drafted questionnaire is now open to comments and will be finalized before March 15th, 2021.</del>
</div>

### Grading

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">As there may be more than one CSSA, the question of significance is considered to be the maximum significance level - in other words, the most significant university at which there is a CSSA.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Significance and scale are high-level, coarse-grained concepts. For particular questions, they need to be given concrete interpretations. We suggest allowing regional partners and local experts to make these judgments.</del>
</div>

## Data collection

### Regional partner and geography selection

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">We run open recruiting calls and reach out to members in our trusted network. Regional partners are recruited via CITW participants and contracted to manage the research and coordinate with local experts to answer Indicators. For each Index round, regional partners select up to five countries in which they are qualified and confident to conduct research.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">CITW further sought to produce regionally comparable datasets.</ins>
</div>

### Eligibility requirements for regional partners and local experts

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">They should</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Must</ins> be academics or professionals with expertise in <del className="rev-del">certain domains,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">specific Domains,</ins> independent journalists or nonpartisan researchers, think tanks or civil society organizations, <del className="rev-del">and</del> <ins className="rev-ins">or</ins> community leaders.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Their employees or members must</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Must</ins> not be on the U.S. Department of Treasury’s list of the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons ([http://sdnsearch.ofac.treas.gov](http://sdnsearch.ofac.treas.gov)).
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">They must</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Must</ins> not have directly or indirectly received funding, donations, any form of payments, or interests from the <ins className="rev-ins">PRC</ins> government <del className="rev-del">of the People’s Republic of China</del> or the apparatus of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Must not be working for or receiving compensation from a political party in their own country nor have received funding from political parties within the countries they are covering for the Index.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">They must be nonpartisan in their own countries and in the countries surveyed by them.</del>
</div>

### Indicator response guidelines

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Each of the <del className="rev-del">indicators</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> will include 4 fields, all of which must be completed by respondents:
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Influence measure: The response to the <del className="rev-del">indicator question.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins> For binary <del className="rev-del">questions,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators,</ins> YES indicates observed PRC influence; NO indicates no observed influence. For graded <del className="rev-del">questions,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators,</ins> a score of 0 indicates no observed influence and a score of 4 indicates <ins className="rev-ins">a</ins> high <ins className="rev-ins">degree of</ins> observed influence.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Supporting <del className="rev-del">Evidence:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">evidence:</ins> References supporting the chosen response. The evidence provided must be appropriate and sound. Accepted forms of evidence will be limited to a functional URL that directs to news accounts, official documents, think tank reports, NGO publications, academic papers, interviews, and books published within 4 years. Social media posts or other sources may be accepted if deemed appropriate but are generally discouraged.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Supplementary <del className="rev-del">Notes (Optional):</del> <ins className="rev-ins">notes (optional):</ins> Any additional information that the respondent may wish to provide for this <del className="rev-del">question.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins> The content of these notes may include but is not limited to:
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Local contexts: a) the local current situation is far more extreme than the rating suggested, b) different interpretations regarding the option usually implied, or c) other local factors that may elevate or suppress the impact of the <del className="rev-del">indicator.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Evidence to the contrary: If a respondent dissents with their country’s government and believes <del className="rev-del">they’ve been less than sincere in providing</del> <ins className="rev-ins">the government has not provided</ins> accurate information (in the extreme case, <ins className="rev-ins">the government</ins> being the source of disinformation per se) to reflect <del className="rev-del">China’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC</ins> influence, the respondent should elaborate on the situation and explain how the government has been unreliable or insincere.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Feedback: Reflections on the design of this <del className="rev-del">question.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins>
</div>

### Reducing the impact of bias

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Regional partners are responsible for collecting data by consulting with local experts. <del className="rev-del">Questions</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> should be answered by consulting at least one local expert. There is no limitation for the number of <del className="rev-del">questions</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> for which an expert <del className="rev-del">could</del> <ins className="rev-ins">can</ins> be consulted, as long as they have qualified expertise.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Questions</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators</ins> that <del className="rev-del">the</del> regional partners consider irrelevant or <del className="rev-del">can either</del> <ins className="rev-ins">cannot</ins> answer <del className="rev-del">“yes” or “no”</del> may be skipped. Respondents will be requested to skip no more than 10 <del className="rev-del">questions (10%) in one questionnaire.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators (10%).</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Regional partners should find as many qualified and trustworthy local experts within a country as possible. <del className="rev-del">Considering this might be a challenge in some</del> <ins className="rev-ins">In politically-constrained</ins> countries, we <del className="rev-del">set the</del> <ins className="rev-ins">allow partners to collect data through a</ins> minimum <del className="rev-del">limit for a total</del> of one <ins className="rev-ins">local</ins> expert <del className="rev-del">for</del> <ins className="rev-ins">respondent and</ins> one <del className="rev-del">country.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">additional reviewer.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Access to local experts to fill out the questionnaire: selected</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Selected</ins> local experts may or may not be affiliated with the corresponding regional partner. If <del className="rev-del">they</del> <ins className="rev-ins">experts</ins> are affiliated with the regional partner, <del className="rev-del">these experts</del> <ins className="rev-ins">they</ins> must be excluded from the administration of <del className="rev-del">this</del> <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> project and the data collection and verification <del className="rev-del">process, including the weighting of domains, in order</del> <ins className="rev-ins">processes, so as</ins> to avoid <del className="rev-del">role</del> <ins className="rev-ins">procedural</ins> conflicts.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Situations <del className="rev-del">that</del> <ins className="rev-ins">in which</ins> regional partners may reach out to a secondary expert to answer the <del className="rev-del">questionnaire:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicators:</ins> (a) If the confidence of answers from the first respondent are low; (b) if the results from the first respondent contain too many <del className="rev-del">unfilled questions.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">unanswered Indicators.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Local</del> <ins className="rev-ins">For reasons of safety, local</ins> experts may choose not to reveal their identity or association with this <del className="rev-del">project for security reasons.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">project.</ins>
</div>

### Regional partner selection

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">In this pilot stage, we will select 7 regional partners responsible for managing the research and coordinating with local experts to fill out the questionnaire. Each partner is expected to conduct this research in 5 countries.</del>
</div>

## Index Committee

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">In January-February 2021, Doublethink coordinated with the Index Committee members below to develop and select the 11 most relevant and diverse Indicators for each Domain.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Doublethink Lab will facilitate and coordinate with the Questionnaire Committee to develop and select the 10 most relevant questions for each domain over the period of January and February 2021. The drafted questionnaire will be sent to the selected regional partners and main funding partners for comments, and will be finalized before March 1st 2021.</del>
</div>

### Project Directors

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Puma Shen</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Dr. Puma Shen (Assistant Professor, National Taipei University) is the Chairperson of Doublethink Lab, vice president of the Taiwan Association for Human Rights (TAHR), focusing heavily on disinformation and local tracking of privacy violations. He was a lawyer, and an expert in white-collar crime, including state crime, disinformation campaigns, and financial crime. He published several papers regarding Chinese information operations in Taiwan and the U.S., and is now investigating United Front Work activities in Taiwan and Southeast Asia.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Min-hsuan Wu</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Ttcat (Min-hsuan Wu) is the co-founder and CEO of Doublethink Lab, a Taiwan-based organization that operates at the intersection of the internet, public discourse, civil society, and democratic governance. Doublethink Lab is researching modern threats to democracy and devising strategies to counter them. He is focused on mapping PRC online information operation mechanisms and facilitating the global CSO network to combat digital authoritarianism. Over a decade and a half, Ttcat has committed to LGBTIQA+, environmental, open government, and digital rights movements as an activist and campaigner.</ins>
</div>

### Index Committee Members 2021

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Charles Burton is a</del> Senior <del className="rev-del">Fellow at the</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Fellow,</ins> Macdonald-Laurier <del className="rev-del">Institute’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Institute,</ins> Centre for Advancing Canada’s Interests Abroad and Non-Resident Senior <del className="rev-del">Fellow at the</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Fellow,</ins> European Values Center for Security Policy. Department of Political Science at Brock University specializing in Comparative Politics, Government and Politics of China, Canada-China Relations and Human Rights, 1989-2020. Counsellor at the Canadian Embassy to China between 1991-1993 and 1998-2000. Previously worked at the Communications Security Establishment of the Canadian Department of National Defence. <del className="rev-del">He has published extensively on Chinese and North Korean affairs and Canada-China relations and has been commissioned to write reports on matters relating to Canada's relations with China for agencies of the Government of Canada.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> J. Michael Cole is a Taipei-based senior fellow with the <ins className="rev-ins">Global Taiwan Institute in Washington, D.C., the</ins> Macdonald-Laurier Institute in Ottawa, <del className="rev-del">senior fellow with</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Canada, and</ins> the Taiwan Studies Programme at the University of Nottingham, <del className="rev-del">U.K., senior fellow with the Global Taiwan Institute in Washington, D.C., and associate researcher with the French Center for Research on Contemporary China (CEFC).</del> <ins className="rev-ins">UK.</ins> Prior to moving to Taiwan in 2005, he was an analyst with the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) in Ottawa. He <del className="rev-del">is co-editor with Dr. Hsu Szuchien,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">holds a Master’s Degree in War Studies from the Royal Military College</ins> of <ins className="rev-ins">Canada. His two latest books, Cross-Strait Relations Since 2016: The End of the Illusion (Routledge) and</ins> Insidious Power: How China Undermines Global <del className="rev-del">Democracy,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Democracy (co-edited with Dr. Hsu Szu-chien; Eastbridge), were both</ins> published in 2020.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Nadège Rolland is Senior Fellow for Political and Security Affairs at NBR, and a Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute. Her research focuses mainly on <del className="rev-del">Chinese politics,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">China’s domestic,</ins> foreign and defense policy, grand strategy, and the changes in global dynamics resulting from the rise of China. <del className="rev-del">Drawing on her twenty years of experience as a French government official, she also examines the prospects for transatlantic cooperation in research and policy related to Asia.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Bonnie S. Glaser is director of the Asia Program at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. She was previously senior adviser for Asia and the director of the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Ms. Glaser is concomitantly a nonresident fellow with the Lowy Institute in Sydney, Australia, and a senior associate with the Pacific Forum. For more than three decades, Ms. Glaser has worked at the intersection of Asia-Pacific geopolitics and U.S. policy. From 2008 to mid-2015, she was a senior adviser with the CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies, and from 2003 to 2008, she was a senior associate in the CSIS International Security Program. Prior to joining CSIS, she served as a consultant for various U.S. government offices, including the Departments of Defense and State. Ms. Glaser has published widely in academic and policy journals, including the Washington Quarterly, China Quarterly, Asian Survey, International Security, Contemporary Southeast Asia, American Foreign Policy Interests, Far Eastern Economic Review, and Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, as well as in leading newspapers such as the New York Times and International Herald Tribune and in various edited volumes on Asian security. She is also a regular contributor to the Pacific Forum web journal Comparative Connections. She is currently a board member of the U.S. Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific and a member of both the Council on Foreign Relations and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. She served as a member of the Defense Department’s Defense Policy Board China Panel in 1997. Ms. Glaser received her B.A. in political science from Boston University and her M.A. with concentrations in international economics and Chinese studies from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Bonnie Glaser has published the following recent publications, including Time for Collective Pushback against China’s Economic Coercion via CSIS, China’s Provocations Around Taiwan Aren’t a Crisis via Foreign Policy, Opinion: Don't Help China By Hyping Risk Of War Over Taiwan via NPR, Toward a Stronger U.S.-Taiwan Relationship via CSIS, We Stand with MERICS via CSIS, Protecting Democracy in an Age of Disinformation: Lessons from Taiwan via CSIS, and Neither China Nor the U.S. Wants a Hot War. Dialogue Can Help Separate Fact From Fiction via South China Morning Post.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Charles Burton</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">PhD 1987 from the University of Toronto after studies at Cambridge University (Oriental Studies) and Fudan University (History of Ancient Chinese Thought Program, Department of Philosophy, class of '77). Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Post-Doctoral Scholar in Political Science at University of Alberta, 1986-88.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">He has published extensively on Chinese and North Korean affairs and Canada-China relations and has been commissioned to write reports on matters relating to Canada's relations with China for agencies of the Government of Canada. Charles is a frequent commentator on Chinese affairs in newspapers, radio and TV.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Glenn Tiffert</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Glenn Tiffert is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he manages its project on China’s Global Sharp Power. A historian of modern China, Dr. Tiffert's academic research focuses on the PRC’s political and legal systems. His publications include studies on the Chinese judiciary, the drafting of the PRC Constitution, and more recently disinformation and digital censorship of the historical record.   He works closely with government and civil society partners in the United States and elsewhere around the world to document and build resilience against authoritarian interference with democratic institutions, particularly in the knowledge sector.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">J. Michael Cole</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Roy Chun Lee (李淳)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Dr. Lee is currently the Senior Deputy Executive Director of the Taiwan WTO and RTA Center, Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research (CIER). Dr. Lee was members of the Advisory Committee of Taiwan Mainland Affairs Council from 2018 to 2020.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Dr. Lee specialized in trade liberalization policy, WTO, services trade, Non-Tariff Measures (TBT and SPS) and regional integration. He is policy advisor for Taiwan’s trade policy and negotiations and serves as capital-based expert for WTO and APEC meetings since 2012.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">In other capacities, Dr. Lee is a frequent column writer on liberalization policy for major newspapers in Taiwan, and currently serving as an independent director of the board, Fubon Financial Holding.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Before joining CIER in 2006, Dr. Lee worked as a regulatory expert project consultant, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) and the ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program (AADCP). Dr. Lee received his PhD in Public Policy from the Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Maya Wang</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Wang has published on major international media outlets, including the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, ChinaFile, the Diplomat, the Guardian, and has been frequently quoted by international media including the New York Times, Reuters, Bloomberg News, and the Associated Press.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Michael Mazza</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Michael Mazza is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), where he analyzes US defense policy in the Asia-Pacific region, Chinese military modernization, cross–Taiwan Strait relations, Korean Peninsula security, and US interests in Southeast Asia. He is also a senior non-resident fellow at the Global Taiwan Institute (GTI) and a non-resident fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. He writes regularly for the Global Taiwan Brief, GTI’s biweekly publication, and he has contributed to numerous AEI studies on American grand strategy in Asia, US defense strategy in the Asia-Pacific, and Taiwanese defense strategy. His published work includes pieces in The Wall Street Journal Asia, Los Angeles Times, Foreign Affairs, and Foreign Policy.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Nadège Rolland</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">She is the author of the book China’s Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (2017), “China’s Vision for a New World Order” (2020), “Commanding Ideas: Think Tanks as Platforms for Authoritarian Influence” (2021), and the editor of “Securing the Belt and Road Initiative: China’s Evolving Military Engagement Along the Silk Roads” and of “An Emerging China-Centric Order: China’s Vision for a New World Order in Practice.” Her articles and essays have appeared in a number of publications, including the Washington Quarterly, Strategic Asia, Politique Etrangère, Survival, the Diplomat, Foreign Affairs, the Wall Street Journal, and the Journal of Democracy.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Prior to joining the NBR, Nadège Rolland served for two decades as an analyst and Senior Advisor on Asian and Chinese strategic issues to the French Ministry of Defense, for which she has been awarded the Medal of Honor.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">She holds a MA in China studies from the National Institute of Oriental Languages ​​and Civilizations and a MSc in strategic studies from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. She is also a National Taiwan Normal University alumna.</ins>
</div>

### What will the committee do?

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The committee will participate in two remote or physical sessions (90-120 minutes each) from January to February 2021, facilitated by Doublethink Lab.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The committee will provide expertise for developing the questionnaire based on the most important indicators in certain domains for 2020.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The committee will select and provide feedback on the final questionnaire. It will then be sent to seven regional partners who will begin to conduct their research in March 2021.</del>
</div>

### Questionnaire committee members 2021

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Bonnie S. Glaser is a senior adviser for Asia and the director of the China Power Project at CSIS, where she works on issues related to Asia-Pacific security with a focus on Chinese foreign and security policy. She is concomitantly a nonresident fellow with the Lowy Institute in Sydney, Australia, and a senior associate with the Pacific Forum. Ms. Glaser has worked for more than three decades at the intersection of Asia-Pacific geopolitics and U.S. policy. From 2008 to mid-2015, she was a senior adviser with the CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies, and from 2003 to 2008, she was a senior associate in the CSIS International Security Program. Prior to joining CSIS, she served as a consultant for various U.S. government offices, including the Departments of Defense and State.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Glenn Tiffert is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution and a historian of modern China. He manages the Hoover project on China’s Global Sharp Power. Editor of the 2020 Hoover report Global Engagement: Rethinking Risk in the Research Enterprise, he works closely with government and civil society partners to document and build resilience against authoritarian interference with democratic institutions. He is also pioneering the integration of computational methods drawn from data science into the study of Chinese history.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Dr. Lee Roy Chun is currently the director of The Economic Law Research Center, Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research. His research focuses on trade in service, regional integration, regulatory and competition policy and communications convergence.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Michael Mazza is a senior non-resident fellow at the Global Taiwan Institute (GTI). He is also a visiting fellow in foreign and defense policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), where he analyzes U.S. defense policy in the Asia-Pacific region, Chinese military modernization, cross-Strait relations, Korean Peninsula security, and U.S. strategy in Southeast Asia. Mr. Mazza has contributed to numerous AEI studies on Asian security issues. He was recognized as a 2010-2011 Foreign Policy Initiative Future Leader.</del>
</div>

## The indicators

### Media

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> For members of Belt and Road Media Community (BRMC), local respondents can check the following link: [http://brmc.chnpec.com/en/member.shtml](http://brmc.chnpec.com/en/member.shtml) For members of B\&R TV Networks, local respondents can check the following link: [http://en.videochina.org.cn/2017/0417/4741.shtml](http://en.videochina.org.cn/2017/0417/4741.shtml) For committee of <del className="rev-del">Beld</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Belt</ins> and Road <del className="rev-del">New</del> <ins className="rev-ins">News</ins> Network (BRNN), local respondents can check the following link: [http://cn.brnn.com/414904/414908/index.html](http://cn.brnn.com/414904/414908/index.html)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> This <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> measures whether there are local media personalities or personnel from local media organizations being trained by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities. Journalists who are hired by PRC media are therefore not part of this category.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> This <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> measures whether local media outlets broadcast news, video clips, or other contents provided by PRC state-fund media. The phenomenon can be observed via footages of content pieces. Therefore, press statement from PRC governmental agencies do not fall into the category of contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
</div>

### Foreign Policy

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> Although in some countries, parliamentary structure does not allow for such groups or committees, we still consider this <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> as important. "Joint parliamentary friendship group" means joint as PRC and target country representatives.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> The information is disclosed in the summary and verbatim records of WHO: [https://apps.who.int/gb/or/](https://apps.who.int/gb/or/) (Please check the latest records of World Health Assembly, WHA series)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 8. My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> 6.) (0 = My country has rejected PRC’s claim; 2 = My country has remained silent; 4 = My country has adhered to PRC’s claim.)
</div>

### Academia

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> For member of SiLKS, local respondents can check the following link: [http://www.esilks.org/about/members](http://www.esilks.org/about/members) For members of Belt and Road Studies Network, local respondents can check the following link: [http://www.brsn.net/list/zhikujigou\_en/index.html](http://www.brsn.net/list/zhikujigou_en/index.html) For members of University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, local respondents can check the following link: [http://www.ucmsr.com/route](http://www.ucmsr.com/route)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> PRC-connected individuals or entities can pay trips for scholars <del className="rev-del">of surveyed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">within Index</ins> countries by providing <del className="rev-del">scholarships to them.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">scholarships.</ins> However, this <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> is to measure whether the paid trip is part of <del className="rev-del">China's</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC</ins> influence operations targeting the intellectual community <del className="rev-del">in surveyed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">within Index</ins> countries. Following cases are incidents described by this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> [https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets](https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets)
</div>

### Domestic Politics

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> This <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> is to measure the sub-national or city level partnership, if an agreement is signed at the national level on behalf of the local government, the answer to this <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> should be positive.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> This <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> is to measure whether the paid trip is part of <del className="rev-del">China's</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC</ins> influence operations targeting politicians and governmental employees <del className="rev-del">in surveyed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">within Index</ins> countries. Following cases are incidents described by this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> [https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets](https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets) & [https://amp.abc.net.au/article/9907064](https://amp.abc.net.au/article/9907064)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> This <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> is to measure whether security service is provided by PRC companies. If there is only hardware purchased from PRC companies, it is not incident described in the <del className="rev-del">indicator.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins>
</div>

### Economy

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> In the report "Banking on the Belt and Road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects", hidden debt exposure of some countries to PRC is revealed. You can download the full publication in the following link: [https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road](https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> We do not include "agroindustry with transgenic seed" in the definition of extractive industries. We consider extractive industries as different activities that lead to the extraction of raw materials from the earth (such as oil, metals, minerals and aggregates).
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> Both in the report "Banking on the Belt and Road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects" (download full publication here at: [https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road](https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road) ) and on the "The People's Map of Global China" website (visit the visualized world map of PRC-connected investments: [https://thepeoplesmap.net/](https://thepeoplesmap.net/) ) disclose the infrastructures related to the PRC government and PRC-connected entities.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> If the country only has intention to build special economic zones to attract investment from the PRC and not yet formalize, the answer to this <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> remains "NO". We can update the answer next year to see how it changes. But it will be great to put supplementary notes to further indicate the situation in the country.
</div>

### Technology

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> If telecoms in the country have purchased hardwares such as routers, switches, server clusters or other devices (such as the “middleboxes” mentioned in the following link: [https://www.top10vpn.com/research/huawei-china-surveillance-state/?fbclid=iwar047govzg6aqbparxz\_zyxex35a13xejedk\_zcziaasaxatlbd0bhzz2j8](https://www.top10vpn.com/research/huawei-china-surveillance-state/?fbclid=iwar047govzg6aqbparxz_zyxex35a13xejedk_zcziaasaxatlbd0bhzz2j8), which are used to monitor internet traffics and to block certain contents) to serve the purposes of providing internet access, ensuring quality of service (QoS), routing and monitoring internet traffics, collecting and censoring certain contents, or other actions that access, capture or alter the information flows on the network, then the answer of the <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> shall be “1–4” (i.e. not 0), depending on the scale of the telecoms, the nature of the hardware adoptions and the real impacts of such adoption. It shall also be noted that, while some countries have regulations that prohibit further procurement of such devices, telecoms may not always follow the rules, or they're currently phasing out such devices and the process is not yet completed, e.g. rural/small-scale telecoms in the U.S.; in these cases, the answer shall still be "1–4" (i.e. not 0), with a brief explanation on the supplementary note to elaborate the current status, if feasible.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> On the "Mapping China's Tech Giant's" website, the track of the expansion of key Chinese technology companies is shown. You may visit the website here at: [https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/](https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/) to acquire data described in the <del className="rev-del">indicator.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> On the "Mapping China's Tech Giant's" website, the track of the expansion of key Chinese technology companies is shown. You may visit the website here at: [https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/](https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/) to acquire data described in the <del className="rev-del">indicator.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> For the global service of CIPS, local respondents can check the following link to find out whether the service exists <del className="rev-del">in surveyed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">within Index</ins> countries: [https://www.cips.com.cn/](https://www.cips.com.cn/) Please note that the information is only shown on the Simplified Chinese version website.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> This <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> measures the "usage" of the apps instead of download numbers. However, if the respondent is certain about the usage but can't manage to find public data, then download numbers can be used as supporting evidence. For download number, local respondents can check the following link: [https://sensortower.com/android/rankings/top/mobile/cambodia/overall?locale=zh-CN\&iap=all\&watch\_enabled\&rankings\_type=free\&min\_cost=0\&max\_cost\&date=2021-06-12\&show\_store\_dat=true](https://sensortower.com/android/rankings/top/mobile/cambodia/overall?locale=zh-CN\&iap=all\&watch_enabled\&rankings_type=free\&min_cost=0\&max_cost\&date=2021-06-12\&show_store_dat=true)
</div>

### Society

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> Local respondents may check the following link to find out whether there are activities affiliated to "Promotion of Peaceful Reunification" <del className="rev-del">in surveyed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">within Index</ins> countries: [http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/](http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> Local respondents may check the following link to find out whether there are incidents described in this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> [http://www.uwca.net/member.html](http://www.uwca.net/member.html) by identifying members or member organizations <del className="rev-del">in surveyed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">within Index</ins> countries.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> This <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> is to measure exchanged activities that are related to PRC-connected professional associations. People-to-people exchanges without associations being involved are thus not incidents described in this <del className="rev-del">indicator.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator.</ins>
</div>

### Military

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> If the country has received any in-kind donation (military or law-enforcement equipment) from the PRC, the answer to this <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> should also be "YES". But it will be great to put supplementary notes to further indicate the situation in the country. We will consider adding another <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> to measure donations in money format from the PRC.
</div>

### Law Enforcement

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> In this <del className="rev-del">indicator,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator,</ins> we try to see whether there is economic espionage targeting the private sector. The act of attacking the governmental agencies responds to the <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> Law enforcement-5. An example of economic espionage described in the <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> [https://www.wired.com/story/us-hits-huawei-new-charges-trade-secret-theft/](https://www.wired.com/story/us-hits-huawei-new-charges-trade-secret-theft/)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this <del className="rev-del">indicator:</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator:</ins> If the country only has intention to have joint patrols with the PRC police, the answer to this <del className="rev-del">indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator</ins> remains "NO". We can update the answer next year to see how it changes. But it will be great to put supplementary notes to further indicate the situation in the country.
</div>

## Glossary

### General

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> PRC influence – <del className="rev-del">Context in methodology:</del> The power to affect the decisions of other countries so that they align with the cultural, diplomatic, economic, military, political, or social interests of the PRC.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> PRC-connected individuals and entities – <del className="rev-del">Undertake</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Actors undertaking</ins> activities under an arrangement with; in the service of; on the order or at the request of; or under the direction of the PRC government or party-state apparatus. For the purposes of <del className="rev-del">this survey,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">the China Index,</ins> PRC corporations, enterprises, and state-owned enterprises all fall into this category.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Domain: A specific area in which the PRC may exert its influence.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Indicator: A question testing for the existence of an observable phenomenon of PRC influence.</ins>
</div>

### Media

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Censoring critical views – Can include both overt censorship and more subtle shifts in editorial balance and tone. For example, in 2008 European satellite operator Eutelsat cut the feed of New Tang Dynasty TV, a US-based multilingual television station funded by the Falun Gong spiritual movement, as a goodwill gesture to the PRC. <ins className="rev-ins">Other example:</ins> In 2015, the nominally private PRC company CEFC acquired a stake in Czech media counterpart Empresa Media, securing access to a TV station (TV Barrandov) and magazines. A study by MapInfluenCE, a group tracking PRC influence, found the acquisition made PRC coverage broadly more positive.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Doubts about human rights abuses in the PRC – For example, a media personality who <ins className="rev-ins">expresses</ins> doubts that there are internment camps in Xinjiang; that suppression of ethnic minorities exists; that human rights defenders are subject to harassment, enforced disappearance and arbitrary detention; or that freedom of expression, association, and religious belief, (etc.) are restricted.
</div>

### Academia

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Research partnership – Formal academic or corporate research partnerships between a higher education institution and a partner entity, including colleagues, universities, and commercial partners, based in the PRC. <del className="rev-del">E.g.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">For example,</ins> Southampton <del className="rev-del">University’spartnership</del> <ins className="rev-ins">University’s partnership</ins> with Harbin Engineering University.
</div>

### Economy

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Sensitive sectors – Sectors that pose the greatest risk from a national security perspective, including aerospace, biotech, communications, critical government suppliers, data infrastructure, <del className="rev-del">defence,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">defense,</ins> energy, engineering, transport, etc.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Support of cause deemed unacceptable by the PRC government – <del className="rev-del">E.g.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Causes include:</ins> Falun Gong, Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues.
</div>

### Society

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Cultural products – For example, books, computer games, movies, music, <del className="rev-del">theatre</del> <ins className="rev-ins">theater</ins> and TV shows, etc.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Propaganda narratives – Ideologically driven narratives that i. Proclaim the superiority of <del className="rev-del">China’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">the PRC</ins> political system, governance and world view, or the shortcomings of alternatives (such as democracy). ii. Focus on political topics or debates, e.g. Nazi Germany’s concept of Lebensraum, the Empire of Japan’s concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, or the PRC’s narrative that COVID-19 did not originate in China.
</div>

### Law Enforcement

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Terrorism – From the perspective of the PRC government, is the use or threatened use of violence to effect political or ideological change in the PRC, used as a justification for repressive “counter-terrorist” policies such as the mass internment of Uyghurs in Xinjiang. The definition of terrorism differs among scholars, between international and national bodies and across time and there is no <del className="rev-del">legally binding definition internationally.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">international legally-binding definition.</ins>
</div>


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