> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://methodology.china-index.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Changes from 2022

> Every paragraph of the 2024 methodology that differs from the 2022 edition, with the changed words marked.

This page compares the published 2024 methodology with the 2022 edition, paragraph by paragraph. <ins className="rev-ins">Added text</ins> and <del className="rev-del">removed text</del> are marked. Unchanged paragraphs are not shown. The full text of both editions is available from the version switcher.

For the Indicators, the curated one-to-one comparison is on [Indicator changes](/2024/indicator-changes).

| Section | Changed | Added | Removed | Unchanged |
| - | - | - | - | - |
| Overview | 1 | 7 | 14 | 11 |
| Methodology in brief | 6 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Indicator development | 10 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
| Data collection | 7 | 0 | 0 | 19 |
| Index Committee | 6 | 6 | 18 | 7 |
| The indicators | 62 | 17 | 28 | 36 |
| Glossary | 9 | 9 | 9 | 33 |

## Overview

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">In 2019, Doublethink and its partners established the China In The World (CITW) network to address the challenges posed by the PRC's fast-evolving global influence. CITW is a global network that supports knowledge sharing, capacity-building, and international advocacy among stakeholders researching the PRC’s global influence and disinformation strategies. Every year since its founding, CITW has held annual summits, either in-person or online, at which CITW network members share progress, foster collaboration, and inspire new agendas. CITW Summits are grassroots events designed to enhance members’ abilities to conduct investigations and research that bolster democratic resilience and counter authoritarian influence. Summits and related activities have taken place as far afield as East Asia, Europe, South America, and Sub-Saharan Africa.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Doublethink Lab and the CITW network coordinate the China Index, the first cross-regional project to measure and visualize the People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s evolving overseas influence through comparable data. We anticipate the China Index will serve as a reference tool for academics, media, civil society networks, and policymakers to enhance understanding and awareness of PRC influence, in keeping with the purpose of the CITW network.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">The Index captures PRC influence across nine Domains: Academia, Domestic Politics, Economy, Foreign Policy, Law Enforcement, Media, Military, Society, and Technology. Each Domain contains 11 Indicators corresponding to observable phenomena of PRC influence, presenting comparable data collected by Regional Partners in collaboration with local experts. The China Index 2022 ranked the PRC’s influence across 82 Country Profiles. The China Index 2024 compares and ranks PRC influence in more than 100 countries and is expected to be released in the second half of 2024.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">This version of the China Index collects data for over 100 countries in 9 regions.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Taiwan Legislator</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">GMF Indo-Pacific</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Senior Fellow at Sinopsis</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">To address the challenges posed by the People’s Republic of China (PRC)'s evolving overseas influence, Doublethink Lab is facilitating China In The World (CITW), a global network that supports knowledge sharing, capacity-building, and collaboration toward international advocacy among civil society.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The China Index is CITW’s first cross-regional project. Through the Index, we seek to establish an interactive world map that visualizes the PRC’s evolving influence in different countries. The Index captures PRC influence across nine Domains: Academia, Domestic Politics, Economy, Foreign Policy, Law Enforcement, Media, Military, Society, and Technology. Each of these Domains contains 11 Indicators corresponding to an observable phenomenon of PRC influence, and presents comparable data collected by Regional Partners through collaboration with local experts.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Doublethink devised the Indicators in collaboration with our Index Committee, consisting of international experts in PRC influence operations and foreign policy. Taken together, the Indicators are the first research effort to compile PRC influence into a single set of observable phenomena. The Index Committee periodically convenes to update the Indicators as PRC influence techniques evolve. Doublethink then distributes the renewed Indicators to Regional Partners so they can update the China Index.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">We expect the China Index to serve as a reference tool that enhances global understanding and awareness of PRC influence, particularly for academics, media, civil society networks, and policymakers.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">National Taipei University</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">German Marshall Fund of the United States</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">MacDonald Laurier Institute</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Maya Wang</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Human Rights Watch</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Nadège Rolland</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">The National Bureau of Asian Research</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Roy Chun Lee</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Taiwan WTO and RTA Center</del>
</div>

### About Doublethink Lab

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Established in 2019,</ins> Doublethink Lab (Doublethink) is a civil society organization <del className="rev-del">(CSO)</del> devoted to <del className="rev-del">studying the malign influence of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">strengthening global democratic resilience by enhancing</ins> digital <ins className="rev-ins">defenses against</ins> authoritarianism. Doublethink’s strengths lie in the ability to combine a diverse set of research approaches in the social, behavioral, and computational sciences to study state-funded propaganda campaigns, psychological warfare, and <del className="rev-del">related</del> <ins className="rev-ins">foreign</ins> information <ins className="rev-ins">manipulation and interference (FIMI)</ins> operations. <ins className="rev-ins">As coordinator of the China In The World (CITW) network and the China Index,</ins> Doublethink seeks to foster <del className="rev-del">global networks connecting academics, democracy movements, digital communities, like-minded CSOs,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">cross-regional collaboration between stakeholders devoted to the study</ins> and <del className="rev-del">experts on</del> <ins className="rev-ins">understanding of</ins> the People’s Republic of <del className="rev-del">China, in order to strengthen</del> <ins className="rev-ins">China’s</ins> global <del className="rev-del">democratic resilience.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">influence.</ins>
</div>

### About China In The World (CITW)

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">In 2019, Doublethink Lab and its partners established the China In The World (CITW) network to bring together stakeholders researching the People’s Republic of China (PRC)’s global influence and disinformation strategies. CITW oversees publication of the China Index, the first cross-regional initiative to objectively measure and compare the PRC’s influence in various countries. CITW Summits are participatory grassroots events designed to strengthen members’ ability to conduct investigations and research that strengthen democratic resilience and counter malign authoritarian influences.</del>
</div>

## Methodology in brief

### Key Definitions

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Domain: A specific area in which the <ins className="rev-ins">Index measures the extent to which the</ins> PRC <del className="rev-del">may exert</del> <ins className="rev-ins">exerts</ins> its influence.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The data underlying the China Index is collected via Indicators distributed to <del className="rev-del">regional partners.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partners.</ins> Eligible partners include qualified and nonpartisan research institutes, think tanks, community representatives, as well as civil society organizations and independent journalists.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Considering the challenge of collecting data on a global scale, the Index solely focuses on fact-based Indicators, <del className="rev-del">and</del> <ins className="rev-ins">which</ins> are framed <ins className="rev-ins">in a way designed</ins> to avoid eliciting opinions, preferences, or judgements from respondents.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> To minimize potential <del className="rev-del">bias,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">bias and inaccuracies,</ins> we ask <del className="rev-del">regional partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partners</ins> to consult and verify the data with as many local experts as possible. Each response should be backed by evidence from at least one supporting reference; this supporting evidence is published as part of the China Index.
</div>

### Timeframe

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The Indicators are compiled based upon observations made from January of the previous year, up to the deadline for response submission. For example, responses for the China Index Beta edition of 36 countries were collected by March 2021; <del className="rev-del">therefore, they</del> <ins className="rev-ins">and</ins> intend to capture PRC influence from January 2020 to March 2021. Regional <del className="rev-del">partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Partners</ins> aim to provide documentary evidence current within 18 months of the deadline, though older documents are accepted if they evidence a continuous phenomenon.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> China Index rankings are determined by summing scores for all 99 Indicators and dividing by the maximum possible score for each country, which varies as some <del className="rev-del">regional partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partners</ins> may choose to skip Indicators in some countries.
</div>

## Indicator development

### Indicator selection process

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Doublethink <del className="rev-del">coordinated</del> <ins className="rev-ins">coordinates</ins> with the Index Committee to develop and select the most relevant Indicators for each Domain. The first <del className="rev-del">edition</del> <ins className="rev-ins">set</ins> of Indicators were <del className="rev-del">designed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">delivered</ins> in January and February 2021. <ins className="rev-ins">Revised and updated indicators were sent out in December 2023.</ins>
</div>

### Design guidelines

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Index scope: Each of the 9 Domains contains 11 Indicators. A total of 99 Indicators were sent to <del className="rev-del">regional partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partners</ins> to conduct the research. <del className="rev-del">Indicator responses are designed to be completed within 30 minutes.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Response recency: Each Indicator focuses on one issue that reflects the current status of PRC influence in the target country, focusing on events or incidents that occurred within the Index timeframe. However, if such an event is a continuous one, evidence prior to the timeframe is acceptable. For example, the Indicator “Are there Confucius Institutes in your country?” does not intend to show whether the Confucius Institutes were established within the timeframe; rather, it intends to show whether the Confucius Institute exists. Therefore, evidence that Confucius Institutes were established within a reasonable timeframe before our research <ins className="rev-ins">(and have not since been discontinued)</ins> is accepted.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Balance: Indicators within a single Domain are <del className="rev-del">designed</del> <ins className="rev-ins">conceived</ins> to cover equal scope within that Domain, such that each Indicator merits equal weight within its Domain.
</div>

### Indicator development process

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Candidate Indicators relevant to measuring PRC influence in each Domain are suggested by the Index Committee in collaboration with Doublethink. Candidate Indicators are then modified to fit the grading system. The final set of 11 Indicators capture the most important aspects of PRC <del className="rev-del">influence.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">influence at the time.</ins>
</div>

### Grading system

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Continuing with the example of university CSSAs, should there be a country with CSSAs at multiple universities, respondents are asked to consider the Indicator at the maximum significance level – in other words, responses should reflect the most significant university at which there is a CSSA. Regional <del className="rev-del">partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Partners</ins> and local experts provide similarly concrete interpretations for other graded Indicators.
</div>

### Layer system

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The Indicators fall into three <del className="rev-del">layers</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Layers</ins> that classify PRC influence: <del className="rev-del">exposure, pressure,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Exposure, Pressure,</ins> and <del className="rev-del">effect.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Alignment.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> The majority of the Indicators measure the <del className="rev-del">exposure</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Exposure</ins> of a country to a mechanism of PRC influence – e.g. economic dependence, collaboration, or receiving some form of benefit. Some Indicators ask about <del className="rev-del">pressure</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Pressure</ins> overtly applied through these mechanisms of PRC influence – e.g. threatening economic punishment to provoke or prevent a political decision. Other Indicators ask about the observable <del className="rev-del">effect</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Alignment</ins> brought about through mechanisms of influence, or changes in decision-making in favor of PRC interests – e.g. loosening of business regulations to facilitate inbound PRC investment. <del className="rev-del">These three layers form a causal chain, from exposure via pressure to effect, that captures the PRC influence process.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Some have argued that <del className="rev-del">exposure-linked</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Exposure-linked</ins> Indicators are an inadequate measure of PRC influence, and that Indicators should only encompass the effect of PRC influence. Many Index consumers nonetheless consider <del className="rev-del">exposure</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Exposure</ins> to be an important measure of PRC influence with relevance to the work of policymakers, academics, and advocates. We argue that if the final set of Indicators tests for <del className="rev-del">layers</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Layers</ins> of influence <del className="rev-del">from exposure to pressure</del> <ins className="rev-ins">including Exposure, Pressure</ins> and <del className="rev-del">effect,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Alignment,</ins> then countries that are experiencing significant <del className="rev-del">effects</del> <ins className="rev-ins">impacts</ins> from PRC influence will regardless be ranked highly in overall and Domain-level scores. Meanwhile, the Index will capture all phenomena of interest.
</div>

### Exclusion of measures of resistance to influence

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> One consideration faced in the <del className="rev-del">methodology</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Methodology</ins> was whether to measure resistance to PRC influence. We excluded Indicators <del className="rev-del">referring to</del> <ins className="rev-ins">referencing</ins> opposition to influence for the sake of simplicity and conceptual clarity. In many instances, questions about resistance are conceptual opposites to influence effects – e.g. instead of asking whether a country has introduced legislation to ban Huawei from 5G networks, we can ask whether Huawei 5G technology has been included.
</div>

## Data collection

### Regional partner and geography selection

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> We run open recruiting calls and reach out to members in our trusted <ins className="rev-ins">CITW</ins> network. Regional <del className="rev-del">partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Partners</ins> are recruited via CITW participants and contracted to manage the research and coordinate with local experts to answer Indicators. For each <del className="rev-del">Index round, regional partners select up to five</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Index, Regional Partners cover</ins> countries in which they are qualified and confident to conduct research.
</div>

### Indicator response guidelines

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Supporting evidence: References supporting the chosen response. The evidence provided must be appropriate and sound. Accepted forms of evidence will be limited to <del className="rev-del">a</del> functional <del className="rev-del">URL</del> <ins className="rev-ins">URLs at the time of publication</ins> that <del className="rev-del">directs</del> <ins className="rev-ins">direct</ins> to news accounts, official documents, think tank reports, NGO publications, academic papers, interviews, and books published within 4 years. Social media posts or other sources may be accepted if deemed appropriate but are generally discouraged.
</div>

### Reducing the impact of bias

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Regional <del className="rev-del">partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Partners</ins> are responsible for collecting data by consulting with local experts. Indicators should be answered by consulting at least one local expert. There is no limitation for the number of Indicators for which an expert can be consulted, as long as they have qualified expertise.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Indicators that <del className="rev-del">regional partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partners</ins> consider irrelevant or cannot answer may be skipped. Respondents will be requested to skip no more than 10 Indicators (10%).
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Regional <del className="rev-del">partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Partners</ins> should find as many qualified and trustworthy local experts within a country as possible. In politically-constrained countries, we allow partners to collect data through a minimum of one local expert respondent and one additional reviewer.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Selected local experts may or may not be affiliated with the corresponding <del className="rev-del">regional partner.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partner.</ins> If experts are affiliated with the <del className="rev-del">regional partner,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partner,</ins> they must be excluded from the administration of the project and the data collection and verification processes, so as to avoid procedural conflicts.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Situations in which <del className="rev-del">regional partners</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Regional Partners</ins> may reach out to a secondary expert to answer the Indicators: (a) If the confidence of answers from the first respondent are low; (b) if the results from the first respondent contain too many unanswered Indicators.
</div>

## Index Committee

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> In January-February 2021, Doublethink coordinated with the Index Committee members below to develop and select the 11 most relevant and diverse Indicators for each Domain. <ins className="rev-ins">In 2023, Doublethink reconvened the Index Committee to revise the Indicators, with an eye to providing a complete and up to date picture of PRC influence.</ins>
</div>

### Project Directors

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Ttcat (Min-hsuan Wu) is the co-founder and CEO of Doublethink Lab, a Taiwan-based organization that operates at the intersection of the internet, public discourse, civil society, and democratic governance. Doublethink Lab <del className="rev-del">is researching modern</del> <ins className="rev-ins">researches evolving</ins> threats to democracy and <del className="rev-del">devising</del> <ins className="rev-ins">devises</ins> strategies to counter them. He is focused on mapping PRC online information operation mechanisms and facilitating <del className="rev-del">the</del> global <del className="rev-del">CSO network</del> <ins className="rev-ins">civil society networks</ins> to combat digital authoritarianism. Over a decade and a half, Ttcat has committed to LGBTIQA+, environmental, open government, and digital rights movements as an activist and campaigner.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Puma Shen (沈伯洋) is a legislator in the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan, specializing in criminal law and sociology of law. His areas of expertise include white-collar crime, juvenile delinquency, and cognitive warfare.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">After obtaining his doctoral degree from the University of California, Irvine in 2017, Puma returned to Taiwan to focus on research regarding influence operations and CCP infiltration.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">With a background in law and human rights advocacy, Shen is deeply passionate about social justice and human rights issues. He has dedicated himself to the advancement of human rights, previously serving as the vice chairman of the Taiwan Association for Human Rights.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Additionally, Shen is the Co-Founder of Doublethink Lab and the Founder of Kuma Academy. Through research and advocacy efforts, he aims to contribute to the establishment of a more just and equitable society for the Taiwanese people.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Dr. Puma Shen (Assistant Professor, National Taipei University) is the Chairperson of Doublethink Lab, vice president of the Taiwan Association for Human Rights (TAHR), focusing heavily on disinformation and local tracking of privacy violations. He was a lawyer, and an expert in white-collar crime, including state crime, disinformation campaigns, and financial crime. He published several papers regarding Chinese information operations in Taiwan and the U.S., and is now investigating United Front Work activities in Taiwan and Southeast Asia.</del>
</div>

### Index Committee Members 2023-24

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Bonnie S. Glaser is director of the Asia Program at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. She was previously senior adviser for Asia and the director of the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Ms. Glaser is concomitantly a nonresident fellow with the Lowy Institute in Sydney, Australia, and a senior associate with the Pacific Forum. For more than three decades, Ms. Glaser has worked at the intersection of Asia-Pacific geopolitics and U.S. policy.</del> From 2008 to mid-2015, she was a senior adviser with the CSIS Freeman Chair in China Studies, and from 2003 to 2008, she was a senior associate in the CSIS International Security Program. Prior to joining CSIS, she served as a consultant for various U.S. government offices, including the Departments of Defense and State. Ms. Glaser has published widely in academic and policy journals, including the Washington Quarterly, China Quarterly, Asian Survey, International Security, Contemporary Southeast Asia, American Foreign Policy Interests, Far Eastern Economic Review, and Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, as well as in leading newspapers such as the New York Times and <del className="rev-del">International Herald Tribune</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Wall Street Journal</ins> and in various edited volumes on Asian security. <del className="rev-del">She is also a regular contributor to the Pacific Forum web journal Comparative Connections.</del> She is currently a board member of the U.S. Committee of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific and a member of both the Council on Foreign Relations and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. She served as a member of the Defense Department’s Defense Policy Board China Panel in 1997. Ms. Glaser received her B.A. in political science from Boston University and her M.A. with concentrations in international economics and Chinese studies from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Glenn Tiffert is a <ins className="rev-ins">distinguished</ins> research fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he <del className="rev-del">manages</del> <ins className="rev-ins">co-chairs</ins> its <del className="rev-del">project</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Program</ins> on <del className="rev-del">China’s Global Sharp Power.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">the US, China, and the World and leads Stanford’s participation in the US National Science Foundation’s SECURE program, a \$67 million effort to enhance the security and integrity of the US research enterprise.</ins> A historian of modern China, Dr. <del className="rev-del">Tiffert's</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Tiffert‘s</ins> academic research focuses on the <del className="rev-del">PRC’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC‘s</ins> political and legal systems. His publications include studies on the Chinese judiciary, the drafting of the PRC Constitution, and more recently disinformation and digital censorship of the historical record. He works closely with government and civil society partners in the United States and elsewhere around the world to document and build resilience against authoritarian interference with democratic institutions, particularly in the knowledge sector.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> J. Michael Cole is a Taipei-based senior fellow with the Global Taiwan Institute in Washington, D.C., the Macdonald-Laurier Institute in Ottawa, Canada, and the Taiwan Studies Programme at the University of Nottingham, UK. Prior to moving to Taiwan in 2005, he was an analyst with the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) in Ottawa. He holds a <del className="rev-del">Master’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Master‘s</ins> Degree in War Studies from the Royal Military College of Canada. His two latest books, Cross-Strait Relations Since 2016: The End of the Illusion (Routledge) and Insidious Power: How China Undermines Global Democracy (co-edited with Dr. Hsu Szu-chien; Eastbridge), were both published in 2020.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Michael Mazza is a visiting fellow at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), where he analyzes US defense policy in the Asia-Pacific region, Chinese military modernization, cross–Taiwan Strait relations, Korean Peninsula security, and US interests in Southeast Asia. He is also a senior non-resident fellow at the Global Taiwan Institute (GTI) and a non-resident fellow at the German Marshall Fund of the United States. He writes regularly for the Global Taiwan Brief, <del className="rev-del">GTI’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">GTI‘s</ins> biweekly publication, and he has contributed to numerous AEI studies on American grand strategy in Asia, US defense strategy in the Asia-Pacific, and Taiwanese defense strategy. His published work includes pieces in The Wall Street Journal Asia, Los Angeles Times, Foreign Affairs, and Foreign Policy.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Bonnie S. Glaser is managing director of GMF’s Indo-Pacific program. She is also a nonresident fellow with the Lowy Institute in Sydney, Australia, and a senior associate with the Pacific Forum. She is a co-author of US-Taiwan Relations: Will China's Challenge Lead to a Crisis (Brookings Press, April 2023). She was previously senior adviser for Asia and the director of the China Power Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Glaser has worked at the intersection of Asia-Pacific geopolitics and US policy for more than three decades.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Senior Fellow at Sinopsis specializing in China's domestic affairs and international relations, with extensive publications on these topics. He has been commissioned by Canadian and international agencies to produce strategic reports on China’s relations with the Western and developing worlds. From 1989 to 2020, he was a professor in the Department of Political Science at Brock University, focusing on comparative politics, China-Canada relations, and human rights. He also served as a counsellor at the Canadian Embassy to China in the early 1990s and late 1990s - 2000, and previously worked for the Communications Security Establishment at the Canadian Department of National Defence. Charles holds a PhD from the University of Toronto, having also studied at Cambridge University and Fudan University. He was an Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Post-Doctoral Scholar at the University of Alberta from 1986 to 1988.</ins>
</div>

### Index Committee Members 2021

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Bonnie Glaser has published the following recent publications, including Time for Collective Pushback against China’s Economic Coercion via CSIS, China’s Provocations Around Taiwan Aren’t a Crisis via Foreign Policy, Opinion: Don't Help China By Hyping Risk Of War Over Taiwan via NPR, Toward a Stronger U.S.-Taiwan Relationship via CSIS, We Stand with MERICS via CSIS, Protecting Democracy in an Age of Disinformation: Lessons from Taiwan via CSIS, and Neither China Nor the U.S. Wants a Hot War. Dialogue Can Help Separate Fact From Fiction via South China Morning Post.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Senior Fellow, Macdonald-Laurier Institute, Centre for Advancing Canada’s Interests Abroad and Non-Resident Senior Fellow, European Values Center for Security Policy. Department of Political Science at Brock University specializing in Comparative Politics, Government and Politics of China, Canada-China Relations and Human Rights, 1989-2020. Counsellor at the Canadian Embassy to China between 1991-1993 and 1998-2000. Previously worked at the Communications Security Establishment of the Canadian Department of National Defence.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">PhD 1987 from the University of Toronto after studies at Cambridge University (Oriental Studies) and Fudan University (History of Ancient Chinese Thought Program, Department of Philosophy, class of '77). Izaak Walton Killam Memorial Post-Doctoral Scholar in Political Science at University of Alberta, 1986-88.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">He has published extensively on Chinese and North Korean affairs and Canada-China relations and has been commissioned to write reports on matters relating to Canada's relations with China for agencies of the Government of Canada. Charles is a frequent commentator on Chinese affairs in newspapers, radio and TV.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Roy Chun Lee (李淳)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Dr. Lee is currently the Senior Deputy Executive Director of the Taiwan WTO and RTA Center, Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research (CIER). Dr. Lee was members of the Advisory Committee of Taiwan Mainland Affairs Council from 2018 to 2020.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Dr. Lee specialized in trade liberalization policy, WTO, services trade, Non-Tariff Measures (TBT and SPS) and regional integration. He is policy advisor for Taiwan’s trade policy and negotiations and serves as capital-based expert for WTO and APEC meetings since 2012.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">In other capacities, Dr. Lee is a frequent column writer on liberalization policy for major newspapers in Taiwan, and currently serving as an independent director of the board, Fubon Financial Holding.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Before joining CIER in 2006, Dr. Lee worked as a regulatory expert project consultant, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC) and the ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program (AADCP). Dr. Lee received his PhD in Public Policy from the Crawford School of Public Policy, Australian National University.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Maya Wang</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Maya Wang is the senior China researcher at Human Rights Watch. Wang has researched and written extensively on the use of torture, arbitrary detention, human rights defenders, civil society, disability rights, and women’s rights in China. She is also an expert on human rights in Hong Kong and Xinjiang. In recent years, her original research on China’s use of technology for mass surveillance, including the use of biometrics, artificial intelligence and big data, has helped galvanize international attention on these developments in China and globally.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Wang has published on major international media outlets, including the Wall Street Journal, the Washington Post, ChinaFile, the Diplomat, the Guardian, and has been frequently quoted by international media including the New York Times, Reuters, Bloomberg News, and the Associated Press.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Nadège Rolland</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Nadège Rolland is Senior Fellow for Political and Security Affairs at NBR, and a Nonresident Fellow at the Lowy Institute. Her research focuses mainly on China’s domestic, foreign and defense policy, grand strategy, and the changes in global dynamics resulting from the rise of China.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">She is the author of the book China’s Eurasian Century? Political and Strategic Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative (2017), “China’s Vision for a New World Order” (2020), “Commanding Ideas: Think Tanks as Platforms for Authoritarian Influence” (2021), and the editor of “Securing the Belt and Road Initiative: China’s Evolving Military Engagement Along the Silk Roads” and of “An Emerging China-Centric Order: China’s Vision for a New World Order in Practice.” Her articles and essays have appeared in a number of publications, including the Washington Quarterly, Strategic Asia, Politique Etrangère, Survival, the Diplomat, Foreign Affairs, the Wall Street Journal, and the Journal of Democracy.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Prior to joining the NBR, Nadège Rolland served for two decades as an analyst and Senior Advisor on Asian and Chinese strategic issues to the French Ministry of Defense, for which she has been awarded the Medal of Honor.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">She holds a MA in China studies from the National Institute of Oriental Languages ​​and Civilizations and a MSc in strategic studies from the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies. She is also a National Taiwan Normal University alumna.</del>
</div>

## The indicators

### Media

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 3. In my country, <del className="rev-del">there are</del> journalists, media <del className="rev-del">organizations</del> <ins className="rev-ins">organizations,</ins> or online influencers <del className="rev-del">who</del> have <del className="rev-del">attended all-expenses paid</del> <ins className="rev-ins">participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned</ins> media <del className="rev-del">tours in PRC.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">or PRC-connected entities.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 5. In my country, PRC <del className="rev-del">state-media</del> <ins className="rev-ins">state media</ins> (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 6. In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or <del className="rev-del">partly</del> <ins className="rev-ins">majority</ins> owned by <del className="rev-del">PRC citizens</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC-connected individuals</ins> or <del className="rev-del">corporations.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 7. In my country, <del className="rev-del">there are</del> media outlets <del className="rev-del">that</del> have delivered <del className="rev-del">cheap or free contents</del> <ins className="rev-ins">content</ins> provided by PRC <del className="rev-del">state-fund</del> <ins className="rev-ins">state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded</ins> media. <ins className="rev-ins">\[See Additional Remark]</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this Indicator: This Indicator measures whether local media outlets broadcast news, video clips, or other contents provided by PRC state-fund <del className="rev-del">media.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">media (content-sharing agreements).</ins> The phenomenon can be observed via <del className="rev-del">footages</del> <ins className="rev-ins">footage</ins> of content pieces. Therefore, press <del className="rev-del">statement</del> <ins className="rev-ins">statements</ins> from PRC governmental agencies do not fall into the category of <del className="rev-del">contents</del> <ins className="rev-ins">content</ins> provided by PRC state-fund media.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 8. In my country, <del className="rev-del">there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within</del> local newspapers, online news <del className="rev-del">websites</del> <ins className="rev-ins">websites, content farms,</ins> or social <del className="rev-del">media.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 9. In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public <del className="rev-del">denouncement,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">denunciation,</ins> revocation of journalist ID, denial of <del className="rev-del">visa.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 10. In my country, there are <del className="rev-del">confirmed reports of teachers</del> <ins className="rev-ins">media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood,</ins> or <del className="rev-del">professors avoiding</del> <ins className="rev-ins">otherwise use emotive language that refers to</ins> the <del className="rev-del">discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).</del> <ins className="rev-ins">relationship in familial terms.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 11. In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who <del className="rev-del">deny</del> <ins className="rev-ins">echo PRC talking points, such as denying</ins> the existence of <ins className="rev-ins">or whitewashing</ins> human rights abuses <del className="rev-del">in the PRC</del> (e.g. a media personality <ins className="rev-ins">who rejects</ins> that <del className="rev-del">doubts</del> there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang). (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Additional remark on this Indicator: This Indicator only refers to PRC state media directly broadcasted or distributed by PRC entities. In other words, it may include YouTube channels in the domestic language run by CGTN (a state media organization) or local TV channels run by CCTV. This Indicator does not cover Chinese state media that is shared indirectly by domestic media outlets (content-sharing agreements). That phenomenon is covered in Media Indicator #7.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: For members of Belt and Road Media Community (BRMC), local respondents can check the following link: [http://brmc.chnpec.com/en/member.shtml](http://brmc.chnpec.com/en/member.shtml) For members of B\&R TV Networks, local respondents can check the following link: [http://en.videochina.org.cn/2017/0417/4741.shtml](http://en.videochina.org.cn/2017/0417/4741.shtml) For committee of Belt and Road News Network (BRNN), local respondents can check the following link: [http://cn.brnn.com/414904/414908/index.html](http://cn.brnn.com/414904/414908/index.html)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: This Indicator measures whether there are local media personalities or personnel from local media organizations being trained by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities. Journalists who are hired by PRC media are therefore not part of this category.</del>
</div>

### Academia

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 2. In my country, there are Confucius <del className="rev-del">Institutes/Classrooms.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities. \[See Additional Remark]</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant).
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 3. My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in <del className="rev-del">K12</del> <ins className="rev-ins">K-12</ins> or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> PRC. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 5. In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial <del className="rev-del">support</del> <ins className="rev-ins">benefits</ins> from PRC-connected individuals or <del className="rev-del">entities.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 7. In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC <del className="rev-del">paid for</del> <ins className="rev-ins">or to other countries organized or run</ins> by PRC-connected individuals or entities. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 9. In my country, scholars or academics have been <del className="rev-del">denied visas to travel to the PRC</del> <ins className="rev-ins">pressured</ins> after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the <del className="rev-del">PRC.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Additional remark on this Indicator: In recent years, some Confucius Institutes have been renamed or rebranded, but still maintain connections with the CCP. This Indicator includes Chinese language centers that operate in the same manner as Confucius Institutes. It does not include Chinese language centers that merely offer exchanges to PRC-based language institutes (language exchanges). See this report: [https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220630152610783](https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20220630152610783)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 11. <ins className="rev-ins">In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang). (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: For member of SiLKS, local respondents can check the following link: [http://www.esilks.org/about/members](http://www.esilks.org/about/members) For members of Belt and Road Studies Network, local respondents can check the following link: [http://www.brsn.net/list/zhikujigou\_en/index.html](http://www.brsn.net/list/zhikujigou_en/index.html) For members of University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, local respondents can check the following link: [http://www.ucmsr.com/route](http://www.ucmsr.com/route)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: PRC-connected individuals or entities can pay trips for scholars within Index countries by providing scholarships. However, this Indicator is to measure whether the paid trip is part of PRC influence operations targeting the intellectual community within Index countries. Following cases are incidents described by this Indicator: [https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets](https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets)</del>
</div>

### Economy

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 2. PRC-connected entities own more than <del className="rev-del">50%</del> <ins className="rev-ins">25%</ins> of my country’s <ins className="rev-ins">bilateral</ins> sovereign debt. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this Indicator: We do not include "agroindustry with transgenic seed" in the definition of extractive industries. We consider extractive industries as <del className="rev-del">different</del> activities that lead to the extraction of raw materials from the earth (such as oil, metals, minerals and aggregates).
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this Indicator: Both in the report "Banking on the Belt and Road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects" (download full publication here at: [https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road](https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road) ) and <del className="rev-del">on</del> the "The People's Map of Global China" website (visit the visualized world map of PRC-connected investments: [https://thepeoplesmap.net/](https://thepeoplesmap.net/) ) disclose the infrastructures related to the PRC government and PRC-connected entities.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 7. In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services <del className="rev-del">system. YES/NO</del> <ins className="rev-ins">system.YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 8. My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. <del className="rev-del">trade</del> <ins className="rev-ins">trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies,</ins> or <del className="rev-del">investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products</del> <ins className="rev-ins">NGOs made statements</ins> or <del className="rev-del">services that are highly dependent on</del> <ins className="rev-ins">introduced policies deemed unfavorable to</ins> the <del className="rev-del">PRC market.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC.</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 11. <ins className="rev-ins">My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness. YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: In the report "Banking on the Belt and Road: Insights from a new global dataset of 13,427 Chinese development projects", hidden debt exposure of some countries to PRC is revealed. You can download the full publication in the following link: [https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road](https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 8. <del className="rev-del">In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc). YES/NO</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 11. <del className="rev-del">In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner. YES/NO</del>
</div>

### Society

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 4. In my country, there are <del className="rev-del">local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at</del> Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat <del className="rev-del">festival</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Festival</ins> tournaments, <del className="rev-del">etc).</del> <ins className="rev-ins">etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 5. In my country, there are PRC-connected professional <del className="rev-del">associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">associations,</ins> such as <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation <del className="rev-del">(全国妇联).</del> <ins className="rev-ins">(全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 7. In my country, <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 8. In my country, PRC-connected entities are <ins className="rev-ins">the main</ins> shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on <ins className="rev-ins">their</ins> usage. <ins className="rev-ins">\[See Additional Remark]</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this Indicator: This <del className="rev-del">Indicator</del> <ins className="rev-ins">indicator</ins> measures the "usage" of the apps instead of download numbers. However, if the respondent is certain about the usage but can't manage to find public data, then download numbers can be used as supporting evidence. <del className="rev-del">For download number, local respondents can check the following link: [https://sensortower.com/android/rankings/top/mobile/cambodia/overall?locale=zh-CN\&iap=all\&watch\_enabled\&rankings\_type=free\&min\_cost=0\&max\_cost\&date=2021-06-12\&show\_store\_dat=true](https://sensortower.com/android/rankings/top/mobile/cambodia/overall?locale=zh-CN\&iap=all\&watch_enabled\&rankings_type=free\&min_cost=0\&max_cost\&date=2021-06-12\&show_store_dat=true)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 9. In my country, there are <del className="rev-del">reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector</del> <ins className="rev-ins">cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations</ins> that <del className="rev-del">were suspected to benefit</del> <ins className="rev-ins">are funded by or receive funding from</ins> PRC-connected <del className="rev-del">entities.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">entities, including in sports.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 10. In my country, <del className="rev-del">there are incidents</del> <ins className="rev-ins">gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom</ins> of <del className="rev-del">media outlets censoring views critical of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">speech controversies related to</ins> the <del className="rev-del">PRC government.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 11. In my country, <ins className="rev-ins">polling data or opinion surveys indicate that</ins> a majority of citizens <del className="rev-del">have positive</del> <ins className="rev-ins">hold favorable</ins> views <del className="rev-del">of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">toward</ins> the PRC government. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 3. <ins className="rev-ins">In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining. YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 3. <del className="rev-del">In my country, labour unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC. YES/NO</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: This Indicator is to measure exchanged activities that are related to PRC-connected professional associations. People-to-people exchanges without associations being involved are thus not incidents described in this Indicator.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 8. <del className="rev-del">Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light. YES/NO</del>
</div>

### Military

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 3. My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the <del className="rev-del">PRC.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 4. In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish <del className="rev-del">basing.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">bases.</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 5. In my country, the <del className="rev-del">PLA</del> <ins className="rev-ins">People’s Liberation Army (PLA)</ins> has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 6. In my country, <del className="rev-del">PLA</del> <ins className="rev-ins">People’s Liberation Army (PLA)</ins> military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers). YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 7. In my country, <del className="rev-del">members of the</del> military <ins className="rev-ins">professionals</ins> have <del className="rev-del">received professional</del> <ins className="rev-ins">participated in</ins> military education <del className="rev-del">from</del> <ins className="rev-ins">or training programs provided by</ins> the PRC. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 8. <del className="rev-del">Representatives of a political party</del> <ins className="rev-ins">In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated</ins> in <del className="rev-del">my country’s national legislature have met officially</del> <ins className="rev-ins">bilateral meetings</ins> with <del className="rev-del">representatives of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PLA officers at or above</ins> the <del className="rev-del">PRC.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">one-star rank.</ins> (0 = <del className="rev-del">No;</del> <ins className="rev-ins">no;</ins> 1 = <del className="rev-del">Few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">few,</ins> but insignificant; 2 = <del className="rev-del">More</del> <ins className="rev-ins">more</ins> than a few, but insignificant; 3 = <del className="rev-del">Few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">few,</ins> but significant; 4 = <del className="rev-del">More</del> <ins className="rev-ins">more</ins> than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 10. In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials <ins className="rev-ins">publicly</ins> advocate for <del className="rev-del">more coordination</del> <ins className="rev-ins">friendly foreign policy or military cooperation</ins> with the <del className="rev-del">PLA.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC.</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 2. <ins className="rev-ins">My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia). YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 2. <del className="rev-del">My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC. YES/NO</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: If the country has received any in-kind donation (military or law-enforcement equipment) from the PRC, the answer to this Indicator should also be "YES". But it will be great to put supplementary notes to further indicate the situation in the country. We will consider adding another Indicator to measure donations in money format from the PRC.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 8. <del className="rev-del">In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC. YES/NO</del>
</div>

### Law Enforcement

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 2. In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on <del className="rev-del">combatting</del> <ins className="rev-ins">combating</ins> terrorism. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 3. In my country, <del className="rev-del">PRC connected</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC-connected</ins> gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my <del className="rev-del">country</del> <ins className="rev-ins">country.</ins> YES/NO.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 5. In my country, law enforcement and <del className="rev-del">judicial related</del> <ins className="rev-ins">judicial-related</ins> training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities <del className="rev-del">has</del> <ins className="rev-ins">have</ins> been accepted by national or subnational governments. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 6. In my country, <del className="rev-del">triads</del> <ins className="rev-ins">organized local criminal groups</ins> are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, <del className="rev-del">intimidate</del> <ins className="rev-ins">intimidate,</ins> or punish <del className="rev-del">Chinese dissidents.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">individuals critical of the PRC.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 7. In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or <del className="rev-del">enterprises,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">enterprises</ins> that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC. <del className="rev-del">(0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)</del> <ins className="rev-ins">YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 10. My country has extradited or <del className="rev-del">has</del> deported individuals to the <del className="rev-del">PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC despite criticism</ins> from politicians, government <del className="rev-del">employees</del> <ins className="rev-ins">employees,</ins> or <del className="rev-del">from local or foreign</del> NGOs. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 8. <ins className="rev-ins">In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations). YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 9. <ins className="rev-ins">My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups. YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: In this Indicator, we try to see whether there is economic espionage targeting the private sector. The act of attacking the governmental agencies responds to the Indicator Law enforcement-5. An example of economic espionage described in the Indicator: [https://www.wired.com/story/us-hits-huawei-new-charges-trade-secret-theft/](https://www.wired.com/story/us-hits-huawei-new-charges-trade-secret-theft/)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 8. <del className="rev-del">In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement. YES/NO</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: If the country only has intention to have joint patrols with the PRC police, the answer to this Indicator remains "NO". We can update the answer next year to see how it changes. But it will be great to put supplementary notes to further indicate the situation in the country.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 9. <del className="rev-del">My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues. YES/NO</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 10. <del className="rev-del">My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution. YES/NO</del>
</div>

### Technology

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 3. In my country, <del className="rev-del">telecoms</del> <ins className="rev-ins">internet service providers</ins> have <del className="rev-del">adopted</del> <ins className="rev-ins">signed agreements to adopt</ins> hardware or technical specifications <ins className="rev-ins">for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed</ins> by <del className="rev-del">PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC enterprises.</ins> (0 = No; 1 = Few, but insignificant; 2 = More than a few, but insignificant; 3 = Few, but significant; 4 = More than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 4. In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized <del className="rev-del">vendors</del> to supply <del className="rev-del">tech related</del> <ins className="rev-ins">tech-related</ins> equipment <del className="rev-del">or services to our government, military or security services.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 5. In my country, the <del className="rev-del">national</del> <ins className="rev-ins">central</ins> or local <del className="rev-del">governments regularly publish</del> <ins className="rev-ins">government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA</ins> or <del className="rev-del">share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).</del> <ins className="rev-ins">gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.</ins> (0 = <del className="rev-del">no;</del> <ins className="rev-ins">No;</ins> 1 = <del className="rev-del">few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Few,</ins> but insignificant; 2 = <del className="rev-del">more</del> <ins className="rev-ins">More</ins> than a few, but insignificant; 3 = <del className="rev-del">few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Few,</ins> but significant; 4 = <del className="rev-del">more</del> <ins className="rev-ins">More</ins> than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 6. In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart <del className="rev-del">city” systems.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">city systems.”</ins> (0 = No; 1 = Few, but insignificant; 2 = More than a few, but insignificant; 3 = Few, but significant; 4 = More than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this Indicator: On the "Mapping China's Tech Giant's" website, <del className="rev-del">the track of</del> the expansion of key Chinese technology companies is shown. You may visit the website here at: [https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/](https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/) to acquire data described in the Indicator.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 8. In my country, <del className="rev-del">PRC-connected</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC-affiliated</ins> venture <del className="rev-del">capital invests</del> <ins className="rev-ins">capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest</ins> in <ins className="rev-ins">local</ins> technology start-ups. (0 = No; 1 = Few, but insignificant; 2 = More than a few, but insignificant; 3 = Few, but significant; 4 = More than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 11. In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> Beidou satellite navigation system. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this indicator: If there is ongoing discussion of <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> Beidou satellite navigation system with no closed contract, the answer remains "NO". We can update the answer next year to see how it changes. But it will be great to put supplementary notes to further indicate the situation in the country. For international collaborations, local respondents can check the following link: [http://www.beidou.gov.cn/zt/gjhz/index.html](http://www.beidou.gov.cn/zt/gjhz/index.html) Please note that the information is only shown on the Simplified Chinese version website.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 7. <ins className="rev-ins">My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future. YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 10. <ins className="rev-ins">My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities. YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: If telecoms in the country have purchased hardwares such as routers, switches, server clusters or other devices (such as the “middleboxes” mentioned in the following link: [https://www.top10vpn.com/research/huawei-china-surveillance-state/?fbclid=iwar047govzg6aqbparxz\_zyxex35a13xejedk\_zcziaasaxatlbd0bhzz2j8](https://www.top10vpn.com/research/huawei-china-surveillance-state/?fbclid=iwar047govzg6aqbparxz_zyxex35a13xejedk_zcziaasaxatlbd0bhzz2j8), which are used to monitor internet traffics and to block certain contents) to serve the purposes of providing internet access, ensuring quality of service (QoS), routing and monitoring internet traffics, collecting and censoring certain contents, or other actions that access, capture or alter the information flows on the network, then the answer of the Indicator shall be “1–4” (i.e. not 0), depending on the scale of the telecoms, the nature of the hardware adoptions and the real impacts of such adoption. It shall also be noted that, while some countries have regulations that prohibit further procurement of such devices, telecoms may not always follow the rules, or they're currently phasing out such devices and the process is not yet completed, e.g. rural/small-scale telecoms in the U.S.; in these cases, the answer shall still be "1–4" (i.e. not 0), with a brief explanation on the supplementary note to elaborate the current status, if feasible.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: On the "Mapping China's Tech Giant's" website, the track of the expansion of key Chinese technology companies is shown. You may visit the website here at: [https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/](https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/) to acquire data described in the Indicator.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 5. <del className="rev-del">In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.  (0 = No; 1 = Few, but insignificant; 2 = More than a few, but insignificant; 3 = Few, but significant; 4 = More than a few, and significant)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: For the global service of CIPS, local respondents can check the following link to find out whether the service exists within Index countries: [https://www.cips.com.cn/](https://www.cips.com.cn/) Please note that the information is only shown on the Simplified Chinese version website.</del>
</div>

### Domestic Politics

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 1. In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or <del className="rev-del">state owned</del> <ins className="rev-ins">state-owned</ins> enterprises. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 2. In my country, local municipalities <ins className="rev-ins">or provinces</ins> have sister-city <ins className="rev-ins">or sister-province</ins> ties (友好城市) with municipalities <ins className="rev-ins">or provinces</ins> in the PRC. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 4. In my country, politicians or government employees <ins className="rev-ins">at the local (non-national) level</ins> visit the PRC and <del className="rev-del">have meetings</del> <ins className="rev-ins">meet</ins> with PRC officials and think tanks. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 6. In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign <ins className="rev-ins">finance or significant in-kind</ins> donations <del className="rev-del">that originate in the PRC.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">from PRC-connected entities or individuals.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 9. In my country, politicians or government employees have <del className="rev-del">been pressured by</del> <ins className="rev-ins">publicly echoed</ins> PRC <del className="rev-del">diplomats to change their</del> <ins className="rev-ins">talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party</ins> political <del className="rev-del">or diplomatic stances.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).</ins> (0 = <del className="rev-del">No;</del> <ins className="rev-ins">no;</ins> 1 = <del className="rev-del">Few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">few,</ins> but insignificant; 2 = <del className="rev-del">More</del> <ins className="rev-ins">more</ins> than a few, but insignificant; 3 = <del className="rev-del">Few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">few,</ins> but significant; 4 = <del className="rev-del">More</del> <ins className="rev-ins">more</ins> than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 11. In my country, <del className="rev-del">politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views</del> <ins className="rev-ins">officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism</ins> of the <del className="rev-del">PRC government.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC.</ins> (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 5. <ins className="rev-ins">Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc. (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 8. <ins className="rev-ins">PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy. (0 = No; 1 = Few, but insignificant; 2 = More than a few, but insignificant; 3 = Few, but significant; 4 = More than a few, and significant)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: This Indicator is to measure whether the paid trip is part of PRC influence operations targeting politicians and governmental employees within Index countries. Following cases are incidents described by this Indicator: [https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets](https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/communist-chinas-influence-operations-indias-think-tanks-politicians-intellectuals-academia-media-targets) & [https://amp.abc.net.au/article/9907064](https://amp.abc.net.au/article/9907064)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 8. <del className="rev-del">In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.  (0 = No; 1 = Few, but insignificant; 2 = More than a few, but insignificant; 3 = Few, but significant; 4 = More than a few, and significant)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: This Indicator is to measure whether security service is provided by PRC companies. If there is only hardware purchased from PRC companies, it is not incident described in the Indicator.</del>
</div>

### Foreign Policy

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 1. My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> PRC. YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Additional remark on this Indicator: Although in some countries, parliamentary structure does not allow for such groups or committees, we still consider this Indicator as important. "Joint parliamentary friendship group" means joint <del className="rev-del">as</del> <ins className="rev-ins">between the</ins> PRC and target country representatives.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 2. <del className="rev-del">In my country, celebrities regularly publish</del> <ins className="rev-ins">My country receives foreign aid</ins> or <del className="rev-del">share propaganda narratives</del> <ins className="rev-ins">significant in-kind donations</ins> from the PRC. (0 = <del className="rev-del">no;</del> <ins className="rev-ins">No;</ins> 1 = <del className="rev-del">few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Few,</ins> but insignificant; 2 = <del className="rev-del">more</del> <ins className="rev-ins">More</ins> than a few, but insignificant; 3 = <del className="rev-del">few,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Few,</ins> but significant; 4 = <del className="rev-del">more</del> <ins className="rev-ins">More</ins> than a few, and significant)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 4. Citizens of my country have been detained in <ins className="rev-ins">the</ins> PRC or denied exit <del className="rev-del">visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments</del> for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage <del className="rev-del">diplomacy”.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">diplomacy.”)</ins> YES/NO
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 8. My government has <del className="rev-del">shown support of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">supported, remained silent about, or opposed the</ins> PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July <del className="rev-del">2016;</del> <ins className="rev-ins">2016);</ins> except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in <del className="rev-del">Indicator 6.)</del> <ins className="rev-ins">indicator 7.</ins> (0 = My country has rejected PRC’s claim; 2 = My country has remained silent; 4 = My country has adhered to PRC’s claim.)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 9. My <del className="rev-del">country</del> <ins className="rev-ins">government</ins> has <del className="rev-del">shown one of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">supported, remained silent about, or opposed</ins> the <del className="rev-del">following stances on PRC’s treatment of its</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the</ins> Uyghur <del className="rev-del">population.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">population in Xinjiang.</ins> (0 = My country has denounced PRC; 2 = My country has remained silent; 4 = My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance.)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 10. My <del className="rev-del">country</del> <ins className="rev-ins">government</ins> has <del className="rev-del">shown one of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">supported, remained silent about, or opposed</ins> the <del className="rev-del">following stances on PRC’s treatment of its</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the</ins> Tibet population. (0 = My country has denounced PRC; 2 = My country has remained silent; 4 = My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance.)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> 11. My government has <del className="rev-del">not publicly criticized</del> <ins className="rev-ins">supported, remained silent about, or opposed</ins> the <del className="rev-del">PRC’s</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the</ins> imposition of the National Security Law <del className="rev-del">on</del> <ins className="rev-ins">or other actions to persecute</ins> Hong <del className="rev-del">Kong.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Kong protestors or activists.</ins> (0 = My country has denounced PRC; 2 = My country has remained silent; 4 = My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance.)
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 5. <ins className="rev-ins">In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 6. <ins className="rev-ins">My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond. \[See Additional Remark] YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Additional remark on this Indicator: The PRC classifies some of its diplomatic relations with foreign states, based on the strength of diplomatic ties. The "Strategic Partnership" classification indicates close bilateral ties; diplomatic relations can be classified by even stronger terms, such as "Innovative Strategic Partnership" or "All-Round Strategic Partnership." Bilateral relations classified by stronger terms than "Strategic Partnership" apply to this Indicator. See: [https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-05-2019-0004/full/pdf?title=chinas-emerging-partnership-network-what-who-where-when-and-why](https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITPD-05-2019-0004/full/pdf?title=chinas-emerging-partnership-network-what-who-where-when-and-why)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> 7. <ins className="rev-ins">My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy." \[See Additional Remark] YES/NO</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Additional remark on this Indicator: The "One China principle" is the position held by the PRC and the CCP that there is only one sovereign state under the name China, with the PRC serving as the sole legitimate government of that China, and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China. Under its "one China policy", the U.S. acknowledges the PRC position on Taiwan, but does not take a stance on its validity. Here "my country's own 'one China policy'" is used as an umbrella term for foreign policy formulations similar to the U.S. one China policy that differ from the PRC's one China principle.   [https://www.us-taiwan.org/resources/faq-the-united-states-one-china-policy-is-not-the-same-as-the-prc-one-china-principle/](https://www.us-taiwan.org/resources/faq-the-united-states-one-china-policy-is-not-the-same-as-the-prc-one-china-principle/)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 6. <del className="rev-del">The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participation as a member, observer or guest in WHO. YES/NO</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Additional remark on this Indicator: The information is disclosed in the summary and verbatim records of WHO: [https://apps.who.int/gb/or/](https://apps.who.int/gb/or/) (Please check the latest records of World Health Assembly, WHA series)</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> 7. <del className="rev-del">My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL). (0 = no; 1 = few, but insignificant; 2 = more than a few, but insignificant; 3 = few, but significant; 4 = more than a few, and significant)</del>
</div>

## Glossary

### General

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> PRC-connected individuals <del className="rev-del">and</del> <ins className="rev-ins">or</ins> entities – Actors undertaking activities under an arrangement with; in the service of; on the order or at the request of; or under the direction of the PRC government or party-state apparatus. For the purposes of the China Index, PRC corporations, enterprises, and state-owned enterprises all fall into this category.
</div>

### Media

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> State <ins className="rev-ins">media, state-funded</ins> media, state-controlled media or state-owned media – Media for mass communication, including broadcast, digital and print outlets, that is under financial and editorial control <del className="rev-del">of</del> <ins className="rev-ins">or is otherwise supported by</ins> the PRC government, directly or indirectly. For example, CGTN, Xinhua News, China Daily.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Doubts about human</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Human</ins> rights abuses in the PRC – <del className="rev-del">For example, a media personality who expresses doubts that there</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Restrictions</ins> are <ins className="rev-ins">in place to prevent discussion of</ins> internment camps in Xinjiang; that suppression of ethnic minorities exists; <del className="rev-del">that human rights defenders are subject to</del> harassment, enforced disappearance and arbitrary detention; or that freedom of expression, association, and religious belief, (etc.) are restricted.
</div>

### Foreign Policy

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">One China Principle vs. One China Policy</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">The "One China principle" is the stance of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that there is only one sovereign entity called China, with the PRC as its sole legitimate government, and that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">In contrast, the "One China policy," as adopted by countries like the United States, acknowledges the PRC's position regarding Taiwan but does not explicitly endorse or reject it. In this context, "my country's own 'One China policy'" is a general term used for foreign policy stances that, like the U.S. policy, differ from the PRC's "One China principle" while acknowledging the claim.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">For further reference on the differences between the U.S. "One China policy" and the PRC "One China principle.": [https://www.us-taiwan.org/resources/faq-the-united-states-one-china-policy-is-not-the-same-as-the-prc-one-china-principle-/](https://www.us-taiwan.org/resources/faq-the-united-states-one-china-policy-is-not-the-same-as-the-prc-one-china-principle-/)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">Strategic Partnership</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">A classification used by the PRC to describe the level of diplomatic relations with foreign states. A Strategic Partnership signifies close bilateral ties involving cooperation in multiple domains, such as politics, economics, culture, and security. There are also stronger forms of partnership classifications, such as Innovative Strategic Partnership or All-Round Strategic Partnership, which indicate deeper and more comprehensive collaboration. These designations reflect the importance and intensity of diplomatic ties between China and the partnering country. For more information, refer to China’s Emerging Partnership Network.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">United Nations agency – Specialized international organizations working with the United Nations that are funded by both voluntary and assessed contributions. For example, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), etc.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Intergovernmental organization – An organization composed primarily of sovereign states or of other intergovernmental organizations established by treaty. E.g. The International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL).</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">PRC territorial claims – Aside from the South China Sea disputes, the PRC claims territory that does not lie within its borders in several countries, including Bhutan, Japan, India, Mongolia, Nepal, and South Korea. Under the leadership of Xi Jinping, the PRC has more actively enforced such claims to underline growing international strength and influence.</del>
</div>

### Academia

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">In recent years, some Confucius Institutes have undergone rebranding but still maintain ties to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). This indicator also includes Chinese language centers that function similarly to Confucius Institutes but excludes those that solely offer language exchanges with PRC-based institutes. For more information, refer to: [https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2022063015261078-3](https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2022063015261078-3)</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC-affiliated or connected individuals or entities – Formal and informal groups or individuals instigated by the PRC government to promote collaboration among their stakeholders.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Sensitive political issues – Issues that are frequently censored in the PRC, portray the PRC or Chinese people in a negative light, and around which the PRC narrative is substantially different from that understood by international scholars. E.g. Uyghur internment camps, Taiwan independence, the Tiananmen Square Massacre, Hong Kong’s legal and political system, the Falun Gong spiritual movement, etc.</del>
</div>

### Domestic Politics

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> PRC-affiliated <ins className="rev-ins">or connected individuals or entities,</ins> networks/associations – Formal and informal groups <ins className="rev-ins">or individuals</ins> of think tanks or academic institutions instigated by the PRC government to promote collaboration among their stakeholders.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">United Front Work Department (UFWD) linked groups – Civic, educational, and non-governmental groups and affiliated individuals based abroad that the UFWD can call upon to act for its political purposes, especially in times of crisis.</del>
</div>

### Economy

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC-related or</ins> PRC-connected <del className="rev-del">venture capital</del> <ins className="rev-ins">entities</ins> – <del className="rev-del">Funds or individuals</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Entities</ins> that <del className="rev-del">invest in start-up or early growth businesses</del> <ins className="rev-ins">undertake activities</ins> under an arrangement <del className="rev-del">with the PRC,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">with;</ins> in the service <del className="rev-del">of the PRC,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">of;</ins> on the order or at the request <del className="rev-del">of the PRC,</del> <ins className="rev-ins">of;</ins> or under the direction of the <del className="rev-del">PRC.</del> <ins className="rev-ins">PRC government or party-state apparatus.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Economic coercion – The leveraging of economic dependence to achieve a wider aim, often involving trade measures such as sanctions or deals; currency manipulation; or the provision or withdrawal of foreign aid, foreign direct investment, or people flows. For example, after Australia backed a global inquiry into the origins of COVID-19, the PRC blocked its coal imports, imposed tariffs on Australian wine, and discouraged Australian students from visiting.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Support of cause deemed unacceptable by the PRC government – Causes include: Falun Gong, Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues.</del>
</div>

### Technology

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> PRC-related <ins className="rev-ins">or PRC-connected</ins> entities – Entities that undertake activities under an arrangement with; in the service of; on the order or at the request of; or under the direction of the PRC government or party-state apparatus.
</div>

### Society

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Closely engaged <del className="rev-del">entities</del> – For example, communication between the two bodies is frequently conducted through established channels, and works to serve purposes such as facilitating personnel exchanges, work placements and internships, workshops, forums and speaker events, as well as advising/instructing on the content of events, materials, and memberships.
</div>

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> Entertainment products and related hardware – For example, <del className="rev-del">Cable/satellite</del> <ins className="rev-ins">cable/satellite</ins> channels hosting dramas, news and other TV shows, digital streaming movie and music platforms, computer/mobile game subscriptions; and the hardware required to transmit them (e.g. over-the-top streaming players hosting PRC media channels).
</div>

<div className="rev rev-added">
  <span className="rev-tag">Added</span> <ins className="rev-ins">United Front Work Department (UFWD) – United front work is a unique blend of influence and interference activities, as well as intelligence operations that the CCP uses to shape its political environment, including to influence other countries' policy toward the PRC and to gain access to advanced foreign technology.</ins>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Cultural products – For example, books, computer games, movies, music, theater and TV shows, etc.</del>
</div>

<div className="rev rev-removed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Removed</span> <del className="rev-del">Propaganda narratives – Ideologically driven narratives that i. Proclaim the superiority of the PRC political system, governance and world view, or the shortcomings of alternatives (such as democracy). ii. Focus on political topics or debates, e.g. Nazi Germany’s concept of Lebensraum, the Empire of Japan’s concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, or the PRC’s narrative that COVID-19 did not originate in China.</del>
</div>

### Military

<div className="rev rev-changed">
  <span className="rev-tag">Changed</span> <del className="rev-del">Receiving</del> <ins className="rev-ins">Received</ins> direct or deferred benefits – For example, cash transfers, financial assets such as bonds and stocks, property, fully-funded trips to foreign countries, or appointments to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-connected companies and think tanks, including casinos, energy and telecoms companies, etc.
</div>


This documentation is built and hosted on [Mintlify](https://mintlify.com), a developer documentation platform.